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Biological Bases of Behavior CH<strong>AP</strong>TER 3 KEY TERMS Neuroanatomy Neuron Dendrites Cell body (also called the soma) Axon Myelin sheath Terminal buttons (also called end buttons, axon terminal, terminal branches of axon, and synaptic knobs) Neurotransmitters Synapse Receptor sites Threshold Action potential All-or-none principle Neural firing Excitatory neurotransmitters Inhibitory neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Dopamine Endorphins Serotonin Afferent neurons (or sensory neurons) Efferent neurons (or motor neurons) Central nervous system Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Accidents Lesions Electroencephalogram (EEG) Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan) Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI scan) Positron emission tomography (PET scan) Functional MRI (fMRI) Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Reticular formation Forebrain Thalamus Hypothalamus Amygdala Hippocampus Limbic system Cerebral cortex
Hemispheres Left hemisphere Right hemisphere Brain lateralization (or hemispheric specialization) Corpus callosum Lobes Association area Frontal lobes Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Motor cortex Parietal lobes Sensory cortex Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Brain plasticity Endocrine system Adrenal glands Monozygotic twins KEY PEOPLE Roger Sperry Michael Gazzaniga Paul Broca Carl Wernicke Thomas Bouchard OVERVIEW The influence of biology (sometimes called the neuroscience or biopsychological perspective) is growing. Some researchers predict that someday psychology will be a specialty within the field of biology. An understanding of the biological principles relevant to psychology is needed not only for the <strong>AP</strong> exam but for any understanding of current psychological thinking. NEUROANATOMY Neuroanatomy refers to the study of the parts and function of neurons. Neurons are individual nerve cells. These cells make up our entire nervous system, from the brain to the neurons that fire when you stub your toe. Every neuron is made up of discrete parts (see Fig. 3.1). Dendrites — rootlike parts of the cell that stretch out from the cell body. Dendrites grow to make synaptic connections with other neurons (see Synapse). Cell body (also called the soma) — contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life. Axon — wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body. Myelin sheath — a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses.
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A 1 E=mc 2 This eBook is downloaded
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About the Authors Allyson Weseley h
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Perception Practice Questions 5 Sta
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13 Treatment of Psychological Disor
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The College Board recently revised
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Overview of the AP Psychology Exam
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(A) negative reinforcement. (B) sha
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(B) 2 years (C) 4 years (D) 8 years
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(A) damage to her fovea. (B) place
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(A) humanistic. (B) sociocultural.
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48. In the past when Nuara’s comp
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(E) central 59. Which part of the b
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(D) 82 (E) 95 70. The typical age o
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(C) idiographic (D) sociocultural (
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(C) long-term memory. (D) echoic me
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Answer Key DIAGNOSTIC TEST 1. B 36.
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necessarily related to being creati
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uses magnetic fields to show both s
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the high school students taking AP
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Page 46 and 47: 76. (C) Group therapy tends to be l
Page 48 and 49: 89. (D) The prefrontal cortex plays
Page 50 and 51: MULTIPLE-CHOICE ERROR ANALYSIS SHEE
Page 52 and 53: QUESTION 1 SCORING RUBRIC This is a
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Page 58 and 59: Also, notice that this (fictional)
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Page 64 and 65: certain neurotransmitters in the br
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Page 84 and 85: In both cases, you would be correct
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Page 88 and 89: II. Having a computer generate a ra
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Page 100 and 101: An electroencephalogram (EEG) detec
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Page 106 and 107: of each retina are processed in the
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Page 110 and 111: (E) neurons, synapses, and cerebral
Page 112 and 113: 2. (B) The motor cortex (which is l
Page 114 and 115: Sensation and Perception CHAPTER 4
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Page 120 and 121: Figure 4.2. Cross section of the ea
Page 122 and 123: CHEMICAL SENSES Taste (or Gustation
Page 124 and 125: BODY POSITION SENSES Vestibular Sen
Page 126 and 127: Perceptual Theories Psychologists u
Page 128 and 129: Figure 4.5. Optical illusion. Gesta
Page 130 and 131: Depth Cues One of the most importan
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Page 138 and 139: OVERVIEW While you are reading this
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up until his graduation from high s
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Researcher Ernest Hilgard explained
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Practice Questions Directions: Each
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12. In the context of this unit, th
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activation-synthesis theory of drea
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Albert Bandura Edward Tolman Wolfga
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esponse to the white rat. Aversive
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B. F. Skinner, who coined the term
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things in the Skinner box or the ba
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and tend, instead, to bury the disk
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Tolman reasoned that these rats mus
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(B) aversive conditioning. (C) simu
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1. (B) The music before a scary eve
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important point: the word positive
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Functional fixedness Confirmation b
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with one person at a party but then
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One factor is the order in which th
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memory, is stored elsewhere in the
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THINKING AND CREATIVITY Describing
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very different than what the design
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(D) The words in each language affe
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(C) a child of normal mental abilit
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14. (C) The critical-period hypothe
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OVERVIEW In my psychology class, I
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motivation to return to the baselin
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hypothalamus act in opposition to c
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Sexual Response Cycle The famous la
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esponds best to can give managers a
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Schachter showed that people who ar
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(B) decreased motivation to perform
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equally active in work groups and m
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Konrad Lorenz Harry Harlow Mary Ain
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MOTOR/SENSORY DEVELOPMENT Reflexes
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MARY AINSWORTH Mary Ainsworth resea
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Sigmund Freud Historically, Freud w
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Integrity versus despair Toward the
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Formal operations (12 through adult
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During the next level of moral reas
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etween the sexes. However, biopsych
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(A) teratogens. (B) stress on the m
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(E) authoritative 15. Which of the
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Personality CHAPTER 10 KEY TERMS Pe
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Both the Oedipus and Electra crises
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• Biff continues to act as if he
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Impact of Freudian Theory Despite i
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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Biological theo
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HUMANISTIC THEORIES Many of the mod
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psychologists, particularly cogniti
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(C) identifying core principles by
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7. (C) Dr. Li is using the TAT (the
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Testing and Individual Differences
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same person, it clearly does not ac
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Charles Spearman One fundamental is
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created a test that would identify
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NATURE VERSUS NURTURE: INTELLIGENCE
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12. Although her score on the perso
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7. (C) Spearman argued that intelli
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Abnormal Psychology CHAPTER 12 KEY
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Disorders (DSM). Periodically, this
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a situation in which one could emba
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID
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A growing body of evidence suggests
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• Parkinson’s disease, characte
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Paraphilias or psychosexual disorde
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(C) cognitive (D) behavioral (E) so
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psychologists would locate the caus
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Albert Ellis OVERVIEW Just as there
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of Consciousness,” is an altered
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the doctor’s office. His mother m
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suffering from a social phobia migh
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The most intrusive and rarest form
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2. Coretta’s therapist says littl
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(B) client-centered (C) aversive co
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9. (B) Transference is when patient
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Stanley Milgram Irving Janis Philli
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already said that the boring task w
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attribution error. Say that you go
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Origin of Stereotypes and Prejudice
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that good-looking people are percei
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TABLE 14.1 Group polarization is th
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(C) modeling. (D) diffusion of resp
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14. On the first day of class, Mr.
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error is a different attributional
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Here’s another example: A psychol
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(E) Table manners are learned by re
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Answering Free-Response Questions C
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6. When asked about a psychological
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INTERPRETING THE RUBRIC Notice how
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Point 4 — Not awarded—The stude
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(E) PTSD. 5. Which psychological pe
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(A) social facilitation (B) deindiv
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(B) contextual intelligence (C) div
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34. Which of the following statisti
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(E) adult genital stage. 45. Daniel
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(D) the fundamental attribution err
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64. Matt’s research design could
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(C) the social role hypothesis. (D)
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(A) social facilitation. (B) confor
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(D) James-Lange theory (E) opponent
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #1 1. D 36
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6. (C) Pascale would best be classi
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18. (B) Counterconditioning lies at
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29. (E) Of the disorders listed, ma
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40. (E) Jamie’s printer problems
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ethics. People with low self-esteem
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take the energy from impulses they
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Genna’s right hemisphere was dama
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SSRIs (serotonin selective reuptake
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effect would not be particularly he
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Question 1 Scoring Rubric This is a
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Part B Point 4 — Yerkes-Dodson la
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(A) hearing (B) touch (C) balance (
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(A) proximity and similarity (B) to
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(C) primary (physical) and secondar
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(C) unconditional positive regard (
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(E) Dreams reflect variations in br
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(C) median (D) mean (E) normal curv
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(B) semantic memory (C) procedural
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(D) disorganized, paranoid, cataton
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(C) Operant conditioning is used to
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(B) to explain the biomedical sympt
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #2 1. C 36
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nondamaged parts of the brain and r
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28. (D) Stimulation of the lateral
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48. (A) Psychotherapies all involve
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67. (D) Generalization occurs in cl
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hybrid cars” and “don’t own h
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Multiple-Choice Error Analysis Shee
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Point 3 — Students need to briefl
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SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE ESSAY 2 SCO
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