AP Psych Barrons

a large, public school system. Conversely, we would expect all the other groups to have less
variability as they are narrower groups who are unlikely to differ from one another as much in
terms of IQ.
57. (C) Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas and used to turn glucose in the bloodstream
into glycogen in the liver. Dopamine, endorphins, GABA, and acetylcholine are all
neurotransmitters.
58. (B) Raising your hand to answer a question is a voluntary motor movement controlled by the
somatic nervous system. The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are the two parts of the
autonomic nervous system; they control involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.
The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Although they would have
played a role in telling Gonzo to raise his hand, taking that action was ultimately enabled by the
motor neurons in his somatic system.
59. (B) The hypothalamus controls motivated behaviors such as eating and having sex. The amygdala
is important in fear and other emotions. The pituitary gland is the master gland of the endocrine
system. The medulla is the part of the brain that regulates involuntary processes like breathing.
The hippocampus is important in memory.
60. (C) Bottom-up processing is when an object is perceived only by examining the object itself.
Signal detection theory and perceptual set are theories about how one’s expectations and past
experiences can impact perception. Since Olivia’s experience is limited to the concrete jungle
of New York City where cows are unusual and she saw the cow in a place one would not have
expected to see a cow, her perception of the cow would have relied on bottom-up processing.
Difference threshold is the amount a stimulus needs to change in order for someone to perceive
that it has changed. Brightness constancy is our knowledge that the relative brightness of
objects stays the same even as the level of overhead illumination changes.
61. (C) The opponent process theory of color vision explains that some of the cells that help us to see
color are organized in opponent pairs: red and green, blue and yellow, black and white. If we
fatigue one half of the pair and then look at a white surface that reflects all wavelengths of light,
we will see an image in the opponent colors (a negative color afterimage). Hence, the red of the
original parrot is seen as green and the yellow appears blue.
62. (C) Latent learning is learning that occurs in the absence of a reward even though it may not be
evidenced until a reward is present. Tolman had three groups of rats: one that was rewarded
every time they finished a maze, one that was never rewarded, and one that was only rewarded
on the second half of the trials. Tolman found that this third group performed like the
unrewarded group until the reward was introduced and then showed a tremendous improvement
as soon as they could earn a reward. He concluded that the rats had learned during the first half