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History and Approaches CHAPTER 1 KEY TERMS Introspection Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalytic theory Behaviorism Humanist perspective Psychoanalytic perspective Biopsychology (or neuroscience) perspective Evolutionary (or Darwinian) perspective Behavioral perspective Cognitive perspective Social-Cultural (or sociocultural) perspective KEY PEOPLE Wilhelm Wundt William James Mary Whiton Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn G. Stanley Hall Max Wertheimer Sigmund Freud John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Charles Darwin Jean Piaget HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY One way to think about the history of psychology is to organize the various theorists and theories into “waves” (or schools of thought). Each wave is a way of thinking about human thought and behavior that dominated the field for a certain period of time until a new way of looking at psychology started to dominate the field. Wave One—Introspection
Archaeologists and historians find evidence that humans have always thought about our thought and behavior, so in a way, the study of psychology is as old as our species. Archaeologists find evidence of trephination—Stone Age humans carving holes through the skull to release evil spirits. Greek philosophers such as Plato and Democritus theorized about the relationship between thought and behavior. However, thinking about psychology is different than studying it scientifically. Many psychologists specializing in the history of the science date the beginning of scientific psychology to the year 1879. In that year, Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) set up the first psychological laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzig, Germany. Wundt trained subjects in introspection—the subjects were asked to record accurately their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli. Through this process, Wundt hoped to examine basic cognitive structures. He eventually described his theory of structuralism—the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations. In 1890, William James (1842–1910) published The Principles of Psychology, the science’s first textbook. James examined how these structures Wundt identified function in our lives (James’s theory is called functionalism). Another early pioneer in the new science of psychology was Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), who studied with William James and went on to become president of the American Psychological Association. Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939) was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. Another student of William James, G. Stanley Hall (1844– 1924), pioneered the study of child development and was the first president of the American Psychological Association. Introspective theories were important in establishing the science of psychology, but they do not significantly influence current psychological thinking. Wave Two—Gestalt Psychology While Wundt and James were experimenting with introspection, another group of early psychologists were explaining human thought and behavior in a very different way. Gestalt psychologists like Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures. Gestalt psychology tried to examine a person’s total experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences. Gestalt theorists demonstrated that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts of the experience. A painting can be represented as rows and columns of points of color, but the experience of the painting is much more than that. Therapists later incorporated gestalt thinking by examining not just a client’s difficulty but the context in which the difficulty occurs. Like the introspective theories, other than the contribution to specific forms of therapy and the study of perception, Gestalt psychology has relatively little influence on current psychology. Wave Three—Psychoanalysis If you ask someone to name a famous psychologist, he or she will most likely name Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Freud revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory. While treating patients for various psychosomatic complaints, Freud believed he discovered the unconscious mind—a part of our mind over which we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave. Freud believed that this hidden part of ourselves builds up over the years through
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A 1 E=mc 2 This eBook is downloaded
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About the Authors Allyson Weseley h
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Perception Practice Questions 5 Sta
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13 Treatment of Psychological Disor
Page 11 and 12: The College Board recently revised
Page 13: Overview of the AP Psychology Exam
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Page 92 and 93: Biological Bases of Behavior CHAPTE
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Page 96 and 97: Afferent Neurons (or Sensory Neuron
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(E) neurons, synapses, and cerebral
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2. (B) The motor cortex (which is l
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Sensation and Perception CHAPTER 4
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The first three senses listed here,
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enough bipolar cells fire, the next
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Figure 4.2. Cross section of the ea
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CHEMICAL SENSES Taste (or Gustation
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BODY POSITION SENSES Vestibular Sen
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Perceptual Theories Psychologists u
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Figure 4.5. Optical illusion. Gesta
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Depth Cues One of the most importan
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3. In a perception research lab, yo
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14. What behavior would be difficul
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is being filled in, instead of an i
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OVERVIEW While you are reading this
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Sleep Cycle You may be familiar wit
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up until his graduation from high s
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Researcher Ernest Hilgard explained
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Practice Questions Directions: Each
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12. In the context of this unit, th
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activation-synthesis theory of drea
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Albert Bandura Edward Tolman Wolfga
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esponse to the white rat. Aversive
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B. F. Skinner, who coined the term
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things in the Skinner box or the ba
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and tend, instead, to bury the disk
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Tolman reasoned that these rats mus
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(B) aversive conditioning. (C) simu
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1. (B) The music before a scary eve
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important point: the word positive
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Functional fixedness Confirmation b
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with one person at a party but then
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One factor is the order in which th
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memory, is stored elsewhere in the
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THINKING AND CREATIVITY Describing
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very different than what the design
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(D) The words in each language affe
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(C) a child of normal mental abilit
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14. (C) The critical-period hypothe
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OVERVIEW In my psychology class, I
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motivation to return to the baselin
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hypothalamus act in opposition to c
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Sexual Response Cycle The famous la
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esponds best to can give managers a
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Schachter showed that people who ar
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(B) decreased motivation to perform
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equally active in work groups and m
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Konrad Lorenz Harry Harlow Mary Ain
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MOTOR/SENSORY DEVELOPMENT Reflexes
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MARY AINSWORTH Mary Ainsworth resea
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Sigmund Freud Historically, Freud w
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Integrity versus despair Toward the
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Formal operations (12 through adult
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During the next level of moral reas
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etween the sexes. However, biopsych
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(A) teratogens. (B) stress on the m
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(E) authoritative 15. Which of the
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Personality CHAPTER 10 KEY TERMS Pe
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Both the Oedipus and Electra crises
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• Biff continues to act as if he
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Impact of Freudian Theory Despite i
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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Biological theo
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HUMANISTIC THEORIES Many of the mod
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psychologists, particularly cogniti
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(C) identifying core principles by
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7. (C) Dr. Li is using the TAT (the
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Testing and Individual Differences
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same person, it clearly does not ac
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Charles Spearman One fundamental is
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created a test that would identify
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NATURE VERSUS NURTURE: INTELLIGENCE
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12. Although her score on the perso
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7. (C) Spearman argued that intelli
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Abnormal Psychology CHAPTER 12 KEY
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Disorders (DSM). Periodically, this
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a situation in which one could emba
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID
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A growing body of evidence suggests
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• Parkinson’s disease, characte
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Paraphilias or psychosexual disorde
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(C) cognitive (D) behavioral (E) so
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psychologists would locate the caus
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Albert Ellis OVERVIEW Just as there
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of Consciousness,” is an altered
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the doctor’s office. His mother m
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suffering from a social phobia migh
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The most intrusive and rarest form
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2. Coretta’s therapist says littl
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(B) client-centered (C) aversive co
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9. (B) Transference is when patient
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Stanley Milgram Irving Janis Philli
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already said that the boring task w
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attribution error. Say that you go
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Origin of Stereotypes and Prejudice
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that good-looking people are percei
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TABLE 14.1 Group polarization is th
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(C) modeling. (D) diffusion of resp
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14. On the first day of class, Mr.
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error is a different attributional
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Here’s another example: A psychol
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(E) Table manners are learned by re
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Answering Free-Response Questions C
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6. When asked about a psychological
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INTERPRETING THE RUBRIC Notice how
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Point 4 — Not awarded—The stude
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(E) PTSD. 5. Which psychological pe
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(A) social facilitation (B) deindiv
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(B) contextual intelligence (C) div
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34. Which of the following statisti
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(E) adult genital stage. 45. Daniel
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(D) the fundamental attribution err
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64. Matt’s research design could
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(C) the social role hypothesis. (D)
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(A) social facilitation. (B) confor
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(D) James-Lange theory (E) opponent
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #1 1. D 36
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6. (C) Pascale would best be classi
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18. (B) Counterconditioning lies at
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29. (E) Of the disorders listed, ma
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40. (E) Jamie’s printer problems
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ethics. People with low self-esteem
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take the energy from impulses they
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Genna’s right hemisphere was dama
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SSRIs (serotonin selective reuptake
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effect would not be particularly he
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Question 1 Scoring Rubric This is a
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Part B Point 4 — Yerkes-Dodson la
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(A) hearing (B) touch (C) balance (
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(A) proximity and similarity (B) to
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(C) primary (physical) and secondar
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(C) unconditional positive regard (
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(E) Dreams reflect variations in br
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(C) median (D) mean (E) normal curv
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(B) semantic memory (C) procedural
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(D) disorganized, paranoid, cataton
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(C) Operant conditioning is used to
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(B) to explain the biomedical sympt
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #2 1. C 36
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nondamaged parts of the brain and r
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28. (D) Stimulation of the lateral
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48. (A) Psychotherapies all involve
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67. (D) Generalization occurs in cl
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hybrid cars” and “don’t own h
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Multiple-Choice Error Analysis Shee
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Point 3 — Students need to briefl
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SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE ESSAY 2 SCO
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