JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION - naspaa

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Enhancing Professional Socialization Through the Metaphor of Tradition Table 1. Traditions of Public Administration Theory Tradition Constitutional Discretionary Collaborative Role Type Bureaucrat Entrepreneur Steward Technical Side Normative Side Technical Side Normative Side Technical / Normative Element Principal Public Administration Theory Orthodoxy or Traditionalist Traditionalist or New Public Administration Managerialist or New Public Management (NPM) Discretionist or Agential New Public Administration New Public Service or Emerging Transformational Key Role Characteristics Politically neutral competence; follow management directives Conservator of agency/regime values as interpreted by legislature Effective and efficient entrepreneur; technician; the American version of NPM — privatization, reinvention, etc. Discretionary professional; virtuous administrator; agent; trustee Facilitator of local value formation; technical advisor only; social emancipator; steward of citizen selfgovernance Legitimacy Problems (within tradition) Failure to follow hierarchical rules and procedures Failure to reflect political direction and obtain authority via hierarchy Failure to perform efficiently and effectively Failure to achieve democratic outcomes Failure to educate and empower citizens in self-governance; and exclusion, oppression based on a specific normative position 298 Journal of Public Affairs Education
Enhancing Professional Socialization Through the Metaphor of Tradition Table 1. Traditions of Public Administration Theory (continued) Tradition Role Type Assumed Governance Context Constitutional Discretionary Collaborative Bureaucrat Entrepreneur Steward Political State Administrative State Democratic State Representative democracy; governance is conducted through government organizations Representative democracy; governance occurs through a complex blurring of boundaries between public and private sectors, and pluralist activity Direct democracy; governance occurs through a deeply nested federalism, down to neighborhood level Political Ontology Classical Liberalism and Conservatism—the political elite determines the public interest Modern Liberalism—the administrative elite determines the public interest Radicalism and Communitarianism — the citizenry determines the public interest Administrative Role Administrator as Man-the-Citizen; the Servant role in representative government Administrator as Man-the-Maker; the Master role in representative government Administrator as Man-the- Answerer; the Co-Creator role in direct democratic government Political Authority and Scope of Action Use a functional dichotomy to ensure legitimacy via the representative political system — hierarchical control answering to legislators, judiciary, and the executive ensures legitimacy Ignore, eliminate, or shift the dichotomy because administrators are involved in policy-making — outcomes prove legitimacy (efficiency, effectiveness, equity, or other chosen values in the form of ethics) Synthesize all dichotomies by bringing administrators, politicians, and citizens together — egalitarian democratic participation from all is the path to legitimacy Journal of Public Affairs Education 299
Page 1 and 2: Summer 2009 Volume 15, No. 3 JPAE J
Page 3 and 4: EDITOR’S NOTE REFERENCES Henry, N
Page 5 and 6: the University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh
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Introduction of Government Process
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JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION - naspaa

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