MikroTik RouterOSâ¢ v2.9

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Packet Flow Document revision 2.6 (Tue Jun 14 17:24:04 GMT 2005) This document applies to MikroTik RouterOS V2.8 Table of Contents Table of Contents General Information Summary Specifications Related Documents Packet Flow Description Connection Tracking Description Property Description Connection Timeouts Description Property Description Notes General Firewall Information Description General Information Summary This manual describes the order in which an IP packet traverses various internal facilities of the router and some general information regarding packet handling, common IP protocols and protocol options. Specifications Packages required: system License required: level3 Home menu level: /ip firewall Standards and Technologies: IP Hardware usage: Increases with NAT, mangle and filter rules count Related Documents • Software Package Management • NAT • Mangle • Filter Page 403 of 615 Copyright 1999-2005, MikroTik. All rights reserved. Mikrotik, RouterOS and RouterBOARD are trademarks of Mikrotikls SIA. Other trademarks and registred trademarks mentioned herein are properties of their respective owners.
Packet Flow Description MikroTik RouterOS is designed to be easy to operate in various aspects, including IP firewall. Therefore regular firewall policies can be created and deployed without the knowledge about how the packets are processed in the router. For example, if all that required is just natting internal clients to a public address, the following command can be issued (assuming the interface to the Internet in named Public): /ip firewall nat add action=masquerade out-interface=Public chain=srcnat Regular packet filtering, bandwith management or packet marking can be configured with ease in a similar manner. However, a more complicated configuration could be deployed only with a good understanding of the underlying processes in the router. The packet flow through the router is depicted in the following diagram: As can be seen on the diagram, there are five chains in the processing pipeline. These are prerouting, input, forward, output and postrouting. The actions performed on a packet in each chain are discussed later in this chapter. A paket can enter processing conveyer of the router in two ways. First, a packet can come from one of the interfaces present in the roter (then the interface is referred as input interface). Second, it can be originated from a local process, like web proxy, VPN or others. Alike, there are two ways for a packet to leave the processing pipeline. A packet can leave through the one of the router's interfaces (in this case the interface is referred as output interface) or it can end up in the local process. In general, traffic can be destined to one of the router's IP addresses, it can originate from the router or simply should be passed through. To further complicate things the traffic can be bridged or routed one, which is determined during the Bridge Decision stage. Routed traffic The traffic which is being routed can be one of three types: • the traffic which is destined to the router itself. The IP packets has destination address equal to one of the router's IP addresses. A packet enters the router through the input interface, sequentially traverses prerouting and input chains and ends up in the local process. Consequently, a packet can be filtered in the input chain filter and mangled in two places: the input and the prerouting chain filters. • the traffic originated by the router. In this case the IP packets have their source addresses identical to one of the router's IP addresses. Such packets travel through the output chain, then they are passed to the routing facility where an appropriate routing path for each packet is determined and leave through the postrouting chain. • one which passes through the router. These packets go through the prerouting, forward and postrouting chains. The actions imposed by various router facilities are sequentially applied to a packet in each of the default chains. The exact order they are applied is pictured in the bottom of the flow diagram. Exempli gratia, for a packet passing postrouting chain the mangle rules are applied first, two types Page 404 of 615 Copyright 1999-2005, MikroTik. All rights reserved. Mikrotik, RouterOS and RouterBOARD are trademarks of Mikrotikls SIA. Other trademarks and registred trademarks mentioned herein are properties of their respective owners.
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MikroTik RouterOS v2.9 Reference Ma
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General Information ...............
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Bridge Host Monitoring.............
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Frame Relay Configuration Examples.
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Queue Trees........................
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Dynamic DNS Update.................
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Scheduler Configuration............
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Description General Information Sum
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Broadcom Tigon3 Chipset type: Broad
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Chipset type: Marvell Yukon 88E80xx
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Compatibility: • RealTek RTL8129
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Description Atheros Chipset type: A
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Description This is driver for lega
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xDSL Packages required: synchronous
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License Management Document revisio
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Important: the abovementioned limit
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• ERROR: You are not allowed to u
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• NTP - Network Time Protocol ser
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package is installed) • MAC Telne
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Related Documents • Software Pack
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from this type of media; if El Tori
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etype new password: ************ [a
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| from any level [admin@MikroTik] i
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0 D RealTek 8139 1 D Intel EtherExp
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when the addresses were added in th
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y the ISP, you should use the sourc
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Installing RouterOS with CD-Install
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Installing RouterOS with Floppies D
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• IP address/mask - address with
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Configuration Management Document r
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Description The export command prin
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FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Server
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MAC Level Access (Telnet and Winbox
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Flags: X - disabled # INTERFACE 0 a
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Description The Serial Console (man
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Notes [Ctrl]+[Q] and [Ctrl]+[X] hav
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License required: level1 Home menu
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Uninstalling Command name: /system
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10 ppp 2.9.11 11 dhcp 2.9.11 12 hot
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To add a router with IP address 192
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thinrouter-pcipc forces PCI-to-Card
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Description In this submenu you can
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SSH (Secure Shell) Server and Clien
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Example [admin@MikroTik] > /system
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MikroTik RouterOS implements indust
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Common Console Functions Descriptio
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[admin@MikroTik] interface> set 0 m
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Description There are some commands
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owner of safe mode is notified abou
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where: • discovers and shows MNDP
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IP Addresses and ARP Document revis
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ether1 or ether2. Example [admin@Mi
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0 10.0.0.217/24 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.255
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OSPF Document revision 1.4 (Wed Dec
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• if-installed-as-type-1 - send t
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• none - do not use authenticatio
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[admin@MikroTik] routing ospf> inte
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OSPF backup without using a tunnel
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# NETWORK AREA 0 10.3.0.0/24 local_
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[admin@OSPF_peer_2] > ip route prin
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Packages required: routing License
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eceive (v1 | v1-2 | v2; default: v2
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Example To view the list of the rou
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[admin@MikroTik] routing rip> • C
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• dynamic routes - automatically
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Static Equal Cost Multi-Path routin
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General Interface Settings Document
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ARLAN 655 Wireless Client Card Docu
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Example [admin@MikroTik] > interfac
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Interface Bonding Document revision
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determenation relies on the device
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• for Office1through ISP2 [admin@
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Bridge Document revision 2.1 (Fri M
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• Filter Description Ethernet-lik
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To group ether1 and ether2 in the a
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idge1 00:C0:DF:07:5E:E6 ether1 4m46
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• ddp - datagram delivery protoco
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Home menu level: /interface bridge
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action=dst-nat is selected Troubles
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• Device Driver List • IP Addre
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tx-antenna (both | default | left |
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The access point is connected to th
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• One of the units (slave) should
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Cyclades PC300 PCI Adapters Documen
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chdlc-keepalive (time; default: 10s
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[admin@MikroTik] ip route> add gate
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Additional Documents • http://www
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ut it does not affect the NIC's per
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Additional Documents • http://www
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The interface should be enabled acc
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1 1.1.1.2/32 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 farsyn
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Finally we need to add IP addresses
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• Moxa C502 Dual Port Synchronous
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0 1.1.1.1/24 1.1.1.0 1.1.1.255 pvc1
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Troubleshooting Description • I c
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[admin@MikroTik] interface ppp-clie
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Hardware usage: Not significant Rel
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mtu (integer; default: 1500) - Maxi
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session-timeout=0s idle-timeout=0s
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• And finally, you have to add sc
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Description With the introduction o
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M3P Document revision 0.3.0 (Wed Ma
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unpacking (none | simple | compress
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• Log Management Description You
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[admin@MikroTik] interface moxa-c10
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[admin@MikroTik] ip route> print Fl
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Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D
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• Log Management Description You
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The driver for MOXA C502 card shoul
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The driver for MOXA C502 card shoul
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PPP and Asynchronous Interfaces Doc
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Example [admin@MikroTik] > /port pr
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Example You can add a PPP client us
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RadioLAN 5.8GHz Wireless Interface
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default-destination (ap | as-specif
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1. Setting the Service Set Identifi
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Property Description Notes WDS Inte
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Service Set Identifier test, do the
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acceptance timeout) in microseconds
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• manual-tx-power - channels in c
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Notes It is strongly suggested to l
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• none - do nothing special, do n
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WDS cannot be used on Nstreme-dual
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access point routeros-version (read
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client-tx-limit (integer; default:
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nstreme-support (read-only: yes | n
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Property Description arp (disabled
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Align Home menu level: /interface w
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2412MHz 3.8% 2417MHz 9.8% 2422MHz 2
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Property Description group-key-upda
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Prism card doesn't report that the
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2 2412 -45dBm@1Mbps 00:02:6F:05:68:
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ack-timeout=dynamic tx-power=defaul
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This example will show you how to c
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adio-name: "000C42050022" signal-st
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Flags: X - disabled, R - running 0
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[admin@WEP_StationX] interface wire
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Xpeed SDSL Interface Document revis
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[admin@r1] interface> print Flags:
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• I tried to connect two routers
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2. On router with IP address 10.1.0
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network. Example Our goal is to cre
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IP Security Document revision 3.4 (
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Internet Key Exchange The Internet
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level (acquire | require | use; def
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hash-algorithm (multiple choice: md
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current-bytes (read-only: integer)
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General Information MikroTik Router
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! Create IPsec transform set - tran
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[admin@MikroTik] > /ip ipsec policy
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1. Add an IPIP interface (by defaul
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[admin@MikroTik] interface ipip> pr
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• accessing an Intranet/LAN of a
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[admin@MikroTik] interface l2tp-cli
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[admin@MikroTik] interface l2tp-ser
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To route the local Intranets over t
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On the L2TP server a user must be s
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PPPoE Document revision 1.5 (Fri No
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License required: level1 (limited t
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Example To monitor the pppoe-out1 c
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To disconnect the user ex: [admin@M
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disconnect, they are still shown an
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• For mobile or remote clients to
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Example To set up PPTP client named
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connection mtu (integer) - (cannot
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ound-trip min/avg/max = 3/3.0/3 ms
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VLAN Document revision 1.2 (Mon Sep
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• http://www.cisco.com/warp/publi
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Graphing Document revision 1.0 (09-
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allow-address (IP address | netmask
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HotSpot User AAA Document revision
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name (name) - profile reference nam
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Example To add user ex with passwor
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IP accounting Document revision 2.1
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enabled: yes account-local-traffic:
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PPP User AAA Document revision 2.4
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was no activity present. There is n
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is the caller's number (that may or
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RADIUS client Document revision 0.4
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• ppp - Point-to-Point clients au
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address of the client) • User-Nam
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• Advertise-Interval - Time inter
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Page 367 and 368: Router User AAA Document revision 2
Page 369 and 370: • password - policy that grants r
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Page 373 and 374: information included • version 9
Page 375 and 376: Bandwidth Control Document revision
Page 377 and 378: disciplines are set under /queue in
Page 379 and 380: picture, Leaf1 will be served only
Page 381 and 382: PFIFO and BFIFO These queuing disci
Page 383 and 384: Interface Default Queues Home menu
Page 385 and 386: Home menu level: /queue tree Descri
Page 387 and 388: upload to the Server and Workstatio
Page 389 and 390: Filter Document revision 2.7 (Fri N
Page 391 and 392: • packet arrival time • and muc
Page 393 and 394: connection-type (ftp | gre | h323 |
Page 395 and 396: ipsec-esp | iso-tp4 | ospf | pup |
Page 397 and 398: add chain=forward src-address=0.0.0
Page 399 and 400: The address list records could be u
Page 401 and 402: Mangle Home menu level: /ip firewal
Page 403 and 404: hotspot (multiple choice: from-clie
Page 405 and 406: coming from the same host to be tre
Page 407 and 408: Change MSS It is a well known fact
Page 409 and 410: NAT Description Network Address Tra
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Page 413 and 414: out-interface (name) - interface th
Page 415: Example of Destination NAT If you w
Page 419 and 420: Property Description connection-mar
Page 421 and 422: Description ICMP TYPE:CODE values I
Page 423 and 424: DHCP Client and Server Document rev
Page 425 and 426: Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid 0
Page 427 and 428: DHCP Server Setup Home menu level:
Page 429 and 430: DHCP lease in case it is directly r
Page 431 and 432: 6. in other case, the lease becomes
Page 433 and 434: Description To find any rogue DHCP
Page 435 and 436: • 0.0.0.0 - the IP address will b
Page 437 and 438: IP addresses of DHCP-Relay: [admin@
Page 439 and 440: DNS Client and Cache Document revis
Page 441 and 442: secondary-dns: 0.0.0.0 allow-remote
Page 443 and 444: HotSpot Gateway Document revision 4
Page 445 and 446: for that interface: /ip hotspot add
Page 447 and 448: You may wish not to require authori
Page 449 and 450: While client is blocked, FTP and ot
Page 451 and 452: set up in the server profile, and a
Page 453 and 454: split-user-domain (yes | no; defaul
Page 455 and 456: • deny - the authorization is req
Page 457 and 458: • bypassed - perform the translat
Page 459 and 460: NAT rules From /ip firewall nat pri
Page 461 and 462: finished session • error.html - e
Page 463 and 464: • link-login - link to login page
Page 465 and 466: Notes If you want to use HTTP-CHAP
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• Hotspot will ask RADIUS server
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that they will have login-free acce
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[admin@MikroTik] ip proxy> print en
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path (wildcard) - name of the reque
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esponse may be used to update previ
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Description IP pools simply group I
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SOCKS Proxy Server Document revisio
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Access List Home menu level: /ip so
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client. In this case IP address wou
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IP address on it, and as many inter
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Web Proxy Document revision 1.1 (We
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Note that it may be useful to have
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Description Access list is implemen
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src-address (IP address | netmask)
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This method retrieves whatever info
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Certificate Management Document rev
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decrypt - decrypt and cache public
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DDNS Update Tool Document revision
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GPS Synchronization Document revisi
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[admin@MikroTik] system gps> print
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Description How to Connect PowerTip
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contrast: 0 [admin@MikroTik] system
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MNDP Document revision 1.4 (Fri Mar
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Description This submenu allows you
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MikroTik RouterOS provides both - N
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Home menu level: /system clock Note
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• Health monitoring (RouterBOARD
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• optimal - the BIOS tries to det
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led3 (yes | no; default: no) - whet
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Support Output File Document revisi
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Command Description Notes Example S
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0xCF8-0xCFF [PCI conf1] 0x4000-0x40
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Only users, which are members of gr
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Home menu level: Command name: /sys
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Bandwidth Test Document revision 1.
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[admin@MikroTik] tool bandwidth-ser
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ICMP Bandwidth Test Document revisi
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Packet Sniffer Document revision 1.
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filter-address1 and filter-address2
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• ospf - Open Shortest Path First
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Packet Sniffer Host Home menu level
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Ping Document revision 1 (Mon Jul 1
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and press the [Tab] key: [admin@Mik
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interface (name) - the name of the
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Traceroute Document revision 1.8 (F
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Network Monitor Document revision 1
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done There are two scripts. The scr
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eboot and on most item configuratio
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Scripting Host Document revision 2.
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Console commands are made of the fo
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Variables Description RouterOS scri
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= - greater or equal. Binary operat
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[admin@MikroTik] interface> :put (1
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epeatedly (yes | no) - condition, w
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• omitted - altar LED state forev
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 [admin@MikroTik] > Sp
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policy (multiple choice: ftp | loca
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Command Description edit (name) - o
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interval (time; default: 0s) - inte
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Traffic Monitor Document revision 1
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IP Telephony Document revision 2.2
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Description IP telephony, known as
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If autodial does not exactly match
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name (name) - name given by the use
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ing-cadence (text) - a 16-symbol ri
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number of packets received by this
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There is a possibility to enter som
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ZZ • If nr=444, it matches the re
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To generate a tone, frequency and c
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• 10 - Call failed as could not f
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0 11 phonejack1 1 _ voip1 [admin@Mi
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Setting up the MikroTik IP Telephon
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# DST-PATTERN VOICE-PORT PREFIX 0 3
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• G.729a codec MUST be disabled (
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We want to be able to use make call
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no-ping-delay (time; default: 5m) -
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Packages required: ups License requ
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Notes The test begins only if the b
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VRRP Document revision 1.4 (Fri Mar
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advertisement packets • none - no
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This example shows how to configure
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MikroTik RouterOSâ¢ v2.9