Solar Drying: Fundamentals,Applications and Innovations - National ...

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Visavale - Principles, Classification and Selection of Solar Dryers Selling price (US$/kg) 3.4 Annual sale (US$) 4,000 Annual cost (US$) 1,600 Table 1.7. Economic Analysis for Solar Cabinet Drying at ICT Mumbai Bombay duck Product (Harpadon nehereus) I.M.C approx. (% w.b) 85 F.M.C approx. (% w.b) 8-10 Drying time (hours) 10 Drying cost (US$/kg) 0.16 Dried product obtained per annum (kg) 1200 Payback period (years) 1.8 Table 1.8. Economic analysis for Bombay duck fish Economic Analysis of Bombay duck: Depreciation = (5,400-540)/3 = 1,620 US$/y Annual profit = 4,000-1,600 = 2,400 US$ Annual earnings =2,400-(5,400-540) × (0.65)/3 = 1,347 US$/yr Pay-back period = Fixed capital/(Annual earning +Depreciation) = 5,400/ (1,347 + 1,620) = 1.8 years 1.13. CONCLUSIONS • A comprehensive review of the fundamental principles governing the drying process with classification of the practically realized various designs and selection of solar dryers for drying of agricultural and marine products has been presented. • The classification clearly illustrates that the solar dryer designs can be grouped systematically according to their operating temperature ranges, heating sources/modes and operational modes. • It is difficult to have one single criteria for the selection of a solar dryer for a specific region or a product as solar insolation and other parameters change frequently with geographical location, however the general rules of thumb are mentioned to assist in making the final selection. • The final selection is generally based on the available insolation rate, production throughput, flexibility requirements, cost of fuel to run accessories as well as on the experience and judgment of the fabricator. • As the solar dryer has a long life of about 20-40 years, the effect of a poor design can have a long-term impact on the economic health of the dryer. 42 Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits
Visavale - Principles, Classification and Selection of Solar Dryers NOMENCLATURE SCD solar cabinet dryer OSD open sun dryer FD freeze dryer HAD hot air dryer E sp Specific energy consumption, kJ kg -1 DT drying time, h a heat transfer area, m 2 D X m w diameter, m moisture content, kg/kg dry solid mass of water, kg m d mass of dry solid, kg H s saturation humidity, kg/kg dry air p partial pressure of water vapor in the air p s vapour pressure of water P absolute pressure H R percent relative humidity C s humid heat of moist air, kJ/(kg⋅ K) T, temperature, K h heat-transfer coefficient by convection, J/(m 2 ⋅ s⋅ K) dw/dθ drying rate, kg water/s mass-transfer coefficient, kg/(s⋅ m 2 ⋅ atm) k g d thickness of bed, m C, K constants c p specific heat, J kg -1 K -1 c s humid heat, J kg -1 K -1 n number of molecules F void fraction t drying time Z height of cylinder, m D L effective diffusivity, m 2 s -1 D L0 effective diffusivity at reference temperature, m 2 s -1 S savings I capital E accumulated cost D net income C investment cost i annual interest rate e annual inflation rate n years/ pay back period Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits 43
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