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172 WEAPONS OF MASS INSTRUCTION<br />

Let me give you some hard evidence that the people who built the<br />

schools and colleges you admire did not have your interests at heart,<br />

but their own. No single group was more influential in shaping our<br />

institutional school ladder than the pragmatic philosophers <strong>of</strong> Cambridge,<br />

Massachusetts. And no pragmatist carried more clout than<br />

Charles Pierce, the eminence grise behind William James and John<br />

Dewey. Listen to Pierce's mind at work in the 1870S as he contemplated<br />

the advent <strong>of</strong> forced schooling:<br />

Let the will <strong>of</strong> the state act, then, instead <strong>of</strong> that <strong>of</strong> the individual.<br />

Let an institution be created which shall have for its<br />

object to keep correct doctrines before the attention <strong>of</strong> the<br />

people, to reiterate them perpetually, and to teach them to<br />

the young, having at the same time power to prevent contrary<br />

doctrines from being taught, advocated, or expressed.<br />

Let all possible causes <strong>of</strong> a change <strong>of</strong> mind be removed<br />

from men's apprehension. Let them be kept ignorant, lest they<br />

should learn <strong>of</strong> some reason to think otherwise than they<br />

do. Let their passions be enlisted, so that they may regard ...<br />

unusual opinions with hatred and horror. Then, let all men<br />

who reject the established belief be terrified into silence ....<br />

Let a list <strong>of</strong> opinions be drawn up to which no man <strong>of</strong> the<br />

least independence <strong>of</strong> thought can assent, and let the faithful<br />

be required to accept all these propositions in order to segregate<br />

them as radically as possible from the influence <strong>of</strong> the<br />

rest <strong>of</strong> the world [all emphases mine].<br />

Kristina, this is the technology <strong>of</strong> modern management set down<br />

clearly for you to learn from. This is what John Dewey was after when<br />

he sold his patrons on the importance <strong>of</strong> reaching their ends through<br />

the means <strong>of</strong> schooling. And abandoning knowledge is a goal. This<br />

is the doctrine which drove William James in Principles <strong>of</strong> Psychology<br />

(1890), to assign habit-training, not intellectual development, the<br />

place <strong>of</strong> honor in schooling:

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