tivity on the carmel faul

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3.3.3 Cluster dating Osmond isochron dating is based equation [2] according to Broecker (1963): [2] [ 230 Th/ 238 U] = (1-e -λ230t ) + {[ 238 U/ 234 U] - 1}*{λ 230 /(λ 230 -λ 234 )}*[1-e -(λ230-λ234)t ] The calculation of age is done using Isoplot3.7 (Ludwig, 2008) with a first derivative estimation for samples of similar ages plotted on isochron lines (sample age clusters) Here too the analytical error (±2σ) is given. The Isoplot program creates a three dimensional plot where x= 230 Th/ 238 U, y= 234 U/ 238 U and z= 232 Th/ 238 U. This plot, based on the U-series evolution diagram of 230 Th/ 238 U vs. 234 U/ 238 U, incorporates the detrital end member (DEM) of the dated sample and using the z-axis corrects for it and calculates an average age for all samples plotted on the isochron line (Ludwig and Titterington, 1994). Age clusters were determined for the seismite samples, which were then plotted on an isochron line. These clusters are derived from the ages of seismites from the cave, which tended to cluster at very specific intervals, as well as from criteria based on the amount of detrital matter within the dated sample, structural features within the cave and stratigraphic considerations in the sample laminae. Criteria for establishing a reasonable isochron plot are as follows: Foremost is the relationship between samples within speleothems. When dated samples came from the same lamina, and yet yielded varying ages because of the varying amounts of detrital matter which they contain, they were considered as being of the same age. Another consideration takes into account the very high detrital content in a few of the samples observed during analysis. This indicated that they might plot on an isochron plot of younger ages. When the sample added to the accuracy of the plot and consequently the age it yielded, it was considered an indication that the correction the program gave for its age was valid. An important aspect of determining ages of seismic events is based on the types of seismites representing it (Table 5), as well as on their locations within the cave (Fig. 10). If all seismite samples of age clusters were found in the same place in the cave, they might indicate a localized breaking event that might not be seismic in origin. By the same token, seismites of the same age, which are located in different parts of the cave, represent an event which affected the whole cave and is, therefore, most likely seismic in origin. 45
A significant observation of some seismite samples showed a low 230 Th/ 232 Th ac<strong>tivity</strong> value (
Page 1: Dating Paleo-seismic Activi
Page 5 and 6: Abstract Mt Carmel is defined to it
Page 7 and 8: Table of content 1. Introduction...
Page 9: List of Tables Table 1: Isochron sa
Page 12 and 13: 1998; Lacave et al., 2004; Kagan et
Page 14 and 15: statistical study indicated that th
Page 16 and 17: The first step in establishing viab
Page 18 and 19: crystal lattice; (5) when detrital
Page 20 and 21: caused by curved segments along the
Page 22 and 23: 1 2 Yagur Jalame 3 4 Yoqne’am Meg
Page 24 and 25: 1.4.1 Seismicity and paleo-seismici
Page 26 and 27: eferences to Early Bronze Age I and
Page 28 and 29: Figure 5: Earthquakes for the years
Page 30 and 31: 15 30 Figure 7: Geological map of t
Page 32 and 33: a b c Figure 9: Pictures from a qua
Page 34 and 35: 3 1 2 4 5 Figure 11: Seismic featur
Page 36 and 37: the cave can be viewed in Appendix
Page 38 and 39: Figure 14: Sample DN-7 3.3 Dating o
Page 40 and 41: [3] ( 230 Th)/( 232 Th) d = ( 234 U
Page 42 and 43: extremely high errors for these val
Page 44 and 45: DN-62 Iso-III Iso-II Iso-I Iso-V Is
Page 46 and 47: contribution of 232 Th carried by d
Page 50 and 51: 4. Results A total of 68 speleothem
Page 52 and 53: Table 5: Denya Cave seismite I.D.'s
Page 54 and 55: Figure 17: Dated seismite uncorrect
Page 56 and 57: Table 6: Dated seismite samples' is
Page 58 and 59: 1.14 1.10 1.06 234 U/ 238 U 1.02 0.
Page 60 and 61: Sample name 230/238 err 234/238 err
Page 68 and 69: Seismic events in Denya Cave Broken
Page 70 and 71: isochron of 10.4ka (MSWD = 107), it
Page 72 and 73: data-point error ellipses are 2σ 1
Page 74 and 75: 5. Discussion The purpose of the pr
Page 76 and 77: case, it is not clear which of thos
Page 78 and 79: indicates that there is a possibili
Page 80 and 81: 5.2.1 Considerations for comparison
Page 82 and 83: easonable assumption that whatever
Page 84 and 85: establish a unique correction facto
Page 86 and 87: References Achmon, M., 1986. The Ca
Page 88 and 89: Hofstetter, A., Feldman, L. and Rot
Page 90 and 91: acceleration using the parameter of
Page 92 and 93: I-a. Table of Denya Cave speleothem
Page 95 and 96: DEN-2 Sample DEN-2 is a type C-1 se
Page 97 and 98: DN-4 Sample DN-4 is a type C-1 seis
Page 99 and 100:
DN-7 DN-7 appeared to be a stalagmi
Page 101 and 102:
DN-11, 12 and 13 These samples are
Page 103 and 104:
Seismic contact pre 12.51ka DN-17 D
Page 105 and 106:
DN-21 DN-21 is a type C-1 seismite.
Page 107 and 108:
DN-25 DN-25 is a sample of flowston
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
DN-34 DN-34 is a flowstone core of
Page 113 and 114:
DN-37a DN-37a is a flowstone core i
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
DN-43 This stalactite was located c
Page 119 and 120:
Seismic contact DN-45 DN-45 is a ty
Page 121 and 122:
DN-47 DN-47 is a flowstone core of
Page 123 and 124:
DN-51 DN-51 is a stalactite formati
Page 125 and 126:
DN-62 DN-62 is a flowstone sample o
Page 127 and 128:
DN-65 DN-65 is a flowstone sample o
Page 129 and 130:
Seismic contact DN-68 DN-68 is a a
Page 131 and 132:
II-b. Laboratory protocol for the p
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix III: All seismites conside
Page 135 and 136:
,10.4±0.7 שהשאירו את חו
Page 138:
משרד התשתיות הלאומ
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