COMMeMOratiVe ISSue - Illuminating Engineering Society

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C E L E B R AT I N G T H E PA S T Edmund Germer 1926, Germany Gilbert Reiling 1959-64, U.S. Measurement Designs and patents the modern fluores- Develops the metal halide high- Robert Bunsen 1843, Germany Perley G. Nutting 1907, U.S. cent lamp. Proposes that the long glass dis- pressure discharge lamp. Develops the so-called “grease- Proposes using values of spectral luminous charge tubes be coated with phosphors that spot photometer” used in virtually efficiency, with the spectral power distribu- would be excited by ultraviolet radiation of a low pres- all photometry for 50 years. tion of sources, to define light in a complete sure mercury discharge. Joseph Swan 1878, England physical way. Adopted by the CIE in 1923. Invents and produces an incandescent William Dibdin 1889, England Nick Holonyak 1962, U.S. lamp using a filament made by squirt- Develops the first gonio-photometer (he Ernest Rousseau 1885, Belgium Creates the first practical light emitting ing dissolved cellulose through a die and called it a “radial photometer”) for the ex- Develops the first distribution photometer diode with a visible spectrum. forming a firm, uniform thread. tensive measurement of spatial distribu- and what is now known as the Rousseau Di- tions of light sources (gas and electric in- agram to determine the total lumen output George E. Inman & Richard N. Thayer John F. Waymouth 1960-70, U.S. candescent). of a light source from its luminous intensity 1936, U.S. Pioneers the use of discharge lamps. distribution. Invent the practical fluorescent lamp. Deane Judd 1927-69, U.S. Carl Auer von Welsbach 1890, Austria While at the National Bureau of W.S. Stiles 1925-1961, England Irving Langmuir 1913, U.S. Develops the incandescent gas mantle. This great- Standards, extends the industry’s At the National Physical Labo- Instrumental in the discovery and application of gas ly improves the efficacy of gas lighting, revitalizing knowledge of vision and helps codi- ratory, studies human vision to films that led to gas-filled incandescent lamps (and that industry. fy colorimetry and photometry at national and develop standards dealing with much-improved efficacy). Wins the Nobel Prize in international levels. light and color. Chemistry in 1932. Pavel Yablochkov 1876, France Invents the first, simple, practical elec- Hugo Kruss 1898, Germany Benjamin Thomson 1794, Germany William Louden & Kurt Schmidt tric-arc lighting system (no moving parts, Develops the first gonio-photometer. Develops first systematic photometric as- 1962, U.S. using alternating current). This triggers sessment of light sources and their economic Develop the high-pressure sodium wide-spread use of outdoor electric-arc lighting. Dorothy Nickerson U.S. evaluation based on light output. lamp. A color technologist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jules Gabriel Violle 1884, France William Murdock 1798, England creates color system known as Proposes an “absolute standard of light”—a Creates the first practical gas lighting sys- the Nickerson Color Fan. The fixed luminous area of platinum at its melt- tem using the distillation of gas from coal “fan” came in the form of a small booklet that ing point. Eventually adopted in 1948 for the and piping the result to burners. fanned out to display 262 color samples coded SI unit of luminous intensity. to numbers in the Munsell color system. Luminaire Development Andre Blondel 1897, France Designs and patents the prismatic globe for controlling light, greatly increasing the area from which it appears to be emitted. The result: lower source luminance without a loss in efficiency. Quenton Dobras U.S. Develops the parabolic wedge louver including small-cell (1/2 by 1/2 by 1/2 in.) plastic prototypes for the lighting fixture industry. J.L. Stair 1920-36, U.S. Authors influential articles on topics ranging from equipment maintenance to louvered lighting in IES Transactions. 60 www.iesna.org LD+A January 2006 61
C E L E B R AT I N G T H E PA S T Calculations David DiLaura 1981, U.S. Advances procedures for point-by-point calculations. Develops lighting software for hand-held programmable calculators and then personal computers. Optics/Color Augustine Fresnel 1823, France Invents what’s now known as the Fresnel lens. It’s used ubiquitously in lighting equipment. Albert H. Munsell 1905, U.S. Develops a practical, widely used system of color notation and specification. Ward Harrison 1920, U.S. Develops a system of empirical coefficients of utilization and a method for their use in lighting design. J. Roy Jones & John Neidhardt 1951, U.S. Develop the “zonal system” for specifying luminaire distributions to determine their coefficients of utilization. Bill F. Jones 1959, U.S. Proposes the system of “cavities” to describe a room for lighting calculations. It becomes the “zonal cavity” system adopted by the IES. Merle Keck 1980s-90s, U.S. Develops a computer program that addresses visibility in roadway lighting design. Johann H. Lambert 1760, Germany Writes the first complete system of illuminating engineering concepts and calculations. Philip O’Brien 1955-60, U.S. Develops modern radiative transfer techniques in lighting calculations (the earliest applications of analog and digital computers to the computations of factors required to calculate CUs for luminaires). These are incorporated in the “zonal cavity” system adopted by the IES. Wentworth Potter 1940s, U.S. Does early work on room coefficients of utilization. Sets up full-scale rooms to measure CUs. During World War II, develops a signaling mirror (with the cross in the middle) so that soldiers on the ground could aim the reflected sunlight accurately toward aircraft. David MacAdam U.S. Develops system for differentiation of colors known as “MacAdam Ellipses,” which when G.H. Stickney 1910, U.S. Authors paper entitled “Color Values of Light from Electric Lamps” in IES Transactions. applied to the CIE Chromaticity Diagram describes minimum differences required for colors to be differentiated. Gunter Wyszecki 1950s-82, Canada As a researcher at the National Robert McPhail 1950s, U.S. Research Council, influential Invents the conical light controlling prism for use with fluorescent lamps—a design which has been widely copied and imitated in commercial lighting equipment. contributor to color science, particularly through two books on colorimetry and photometry co-authored with Deane Judd and W.S. Stiles. Vision (related directly to lighting) Willard Allphin U.S. and disability glare research, instrumentation and Authors Primer of Lamps and Lighting. computation. H. Richard Blackwell 1946-59, U.S. Sylvester K. Guth 1948-63, U.S. Conducts experiments relating standard task Develops methods for evaluating discomfort contrast and luminance to detection performance. glare. The work extends to realistic tasks and development of a system for specifying illuminance criteria. System adopted by the IES in 1958. L.L. Holladay 1920s, U.S. Develops glare formulae. His early experiments Gertrude R. Ferree 1920s, U.S. on discomfort glare stand for decades and prove to A doctor of psychology, she studies how lighting have practical application to typical lighting situations. affects how people see color. Later works on lighting design of the Holland Tunnel. Arthur Konig 1891 Glenn Fry 1950-60, U.S. Does large-scale measurement of spectral response Helps establish the scientific foundations of human vision at high and low light lev- of optometry and vision-related els. Determines the relative brightness of different matters related directly to lighting. wavelengths. Data is used by Perley Nutting in the Areas of expertise include discomfort first analytic determination of the lumen. 62 www.iesna.org LD+A January 2006 63
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COMMeMOratiVe ISSue - Illuminating Engineering Society

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