PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps., Denmark, Europe. ● Next chapter. ● Previous chapter. Chapter 20. RAM technologies Let’s look a little more closely at the technology which is used in the various types of RAM. In the old days Back in the 1980’s, DRAM was used. This was dynamic RAM, which was relatively slow. It was replaced by FPM (Fast Page Mode) RAM which was also dynamic, only a bit faster. Originally, loose RAM chips were installed directly in large banks on the motherboard. Later people started combining the chips in modules. These came in widths of 8 bits (with 30 pins) and 32 bits (with 72 pins). The 32-bit modules were suited to the system bus for the 80486 processor, which was also 32 bits wide.
Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RAM could not run any faster than 66 MHz, but that was fine for the system bus clock frequency in the original Pentium processors. After FPM came EDO RAM (Extended Data Out). EDO is a bit faster than FPM because the data paths to and from the RAM cells have been optimised. The gain was a 3-5 % improvement in bandwidth. The clock frequency could be increased to 75 MHz, but basically, EDO is not very different to FPM RAM. When Intel launched the Pentium processor, there was a change to using the 64 bit wide RAM modules (with 168 pins, as in Fig. 127 on page 51, which are still used for SDRAM today. Fig. 136. An old motherboard with sockets for both 64-bit and 32-bit RAM modules. From the transition period between EDO and SDRAM. SDRAM The big qualitative shift came in around 1997, when SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) began to break in. This is a completely new technology, which of course required new chipsets. SDRAM, in contrast to the earlier types of RAM, operates synchronously with the system bus. Data can (in burst mode) be fetched on every clock pulse. Thus the module can operate fully synchronised with (at the same beat as) the bus – without so-called wait states (inactive clock pulses). Because they are linked synchronously to the system bus, SDRAM modules can run at much higher clock frequencies. The 100 MHz SDRAM (PC100) quickly became popular, and with new processors and chipsets, the speed was brought up to 133 MHz (PC133). Another innovation in SDRAM is the small EEPROM chip called the Serial Presence Detect chip, which is mounted on the modules. It is a very small chip containing data on the modules speed, etc. Fig. 137. The motherboard BIOS can now read SDRAM module specifications directly.
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PC Architecture - a book by Michael
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● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
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Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
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IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
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8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
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In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
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Internal devices External devices M
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Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
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Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
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Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
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Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
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● Higher clock frequencies (which
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Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
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Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here withou
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Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
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Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
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Sound facilities in a chipset canno
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● Other network, screen and sound
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Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
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Less power consumption The types of
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1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
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Fig. 67. The latest generations of
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
Page 59 and 60: Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
Page 61 and 62: AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
Page 67 and 68: As the years have passed, changes h
Page 69 and 70: The pipeline is like a reverse asse
Page 71 and 72: Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
Page 73 and 74: Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
Page 77 and 78: will become. ● Improvements to th
Page 79 and 80: point numbers with just one instruc
Page 81 and 82: The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
Page 83 and 84: another in all later generations of
Page 85 and 86: Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
Page 91 and 92: Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
Page 93 and 94: Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
Page 95 and 96: Figur 116. There are scores of diff
Page 97 and 98: present, CPU’s and motherboards h
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
Page 103 and 104: Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
Page 107: Module or chip size All RAM modules
Page 111 and 112: In the beginning the problem with D
Page 113 and 114: However, RAM also has to match the
Page 115 and 116: Modern motherboards for desktop use
Page 117 and 118: The new architecture is used for bo
Page 119 and 120: Figur 148. Report from the freeware
Page 121 and 122: Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
Page 123 and 124: Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
Page 125 and 126: Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
Page 127 and 128: opportunities for extension really
Page 129 and 130: Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
Page 131 and 132: Figur 162. The features in this mot
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
Page 137 and 138: As a result of all this, the periph
Page 139 and 140: Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
Page 143 and 144: Figure 44. The two chips which make
Page 145 and 146: Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
Page 147 and 148: Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
Page 149 and 150: You will most likely want to have t
Page 151 and 152: The trend is towards ever increasin
Page 153 and 154: A grand new world … We can expect
Page 155 and 156: here. Wafers and die size Another C
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Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
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Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
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Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
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Xeon processors are incredibly expe
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You can no doubt see that it wouldn
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Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
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Figure 90. The passage of instructi
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AMD’s 32 bit Athlon line can bare
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FPU - the number cruncher Floating
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for 32-bit integers, and one for 80
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Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
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Figure 105. L2 cache running at hal
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As was mentioned earlier, the older
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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The Opteron is the most expensive a
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Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
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Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
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Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
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DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
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Figure 137. The motherboard BIOS ca
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Of course you want to choose the be
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Under the Processes tab, you can se
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Figure 147. The architecture surrou
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Figure 149. The new chipset archite
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At the same time, the PCI system is
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Figure 156. The black PCI Express X
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Figure 157. The south bridge connec
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● The MCI, EISA and VL buses - fa
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Figure 164. The ATA interface works
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The ISA bus is thus the I/O bus whi
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MCA from 1987 Advanced I/O bus from
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Figure 172. The PCI bus is being re
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Figure 174. Using the CMOS setup pr
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Figure 178. The keyboard controller
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IRQ’s. It didn’t take much befo
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Memory-mapped I/O All devices, adap
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Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
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Finally, I will look at the FireWir
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The super I/O controller is connect
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Figure 196. In the middle you see t
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Figure 200. The UART controller rep
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number of different SCSI standards.
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Figur 205. SCSI hard disks anno 200
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Figure 207. A USB-based trackball -
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USB has thus made the serial ports
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Figure 211. In the middle of the pi
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Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here
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from the disk. This magnetism will
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In the ”old days”, interfaces s
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Figure 220. This motherboard has an
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Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
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Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
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The existing PATA system has a limi
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CMOS and Setup The startup program
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Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
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Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
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Figure 241. The system information
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have seen, in the ROM circuits on t
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To perform an upgrade you first dow
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DMA. Direct Memory Access. A system
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PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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