PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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Figur 37. The Pentium 4 socket 478 on a motherboard. Find your CPU If you are not sure which CPU your <strong>PC</strong> uses, you can investigate this in several ways. You could check your purchase receipt. The name of the CPU should be specified there. You could look inside your <strong>PC</strong> and locate the CPU. But it is quite difficult to get to see the model name, because there is a fan mounted on the actual chip. The fan is often glued directly onto the processor, so that it is not easy to remove it.
Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here without a cooling fan. It is mounted in a small socket which it clicks into without needing any tools. In Windows, you can select the System Properties dialog box, where you can see the processor name and clock frequency:
Page 1 and 2: PC Architecture - a book by Michael
Page 3 and 4: ● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
Page 5 and 6: Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
Page 7 and 8: IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
Page 9 and 10: 8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
Page 11 and 12: In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
Page 13 and 14: Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
Page 19 and 20: Internal devices External devices M
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
Page 29 and 30: ● Higher clock frequencies (which
Page 31: Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
Page 43 and 44: Sound facilities in a chipset canno
Page 45 and 46: ● Other network, screen and sound
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
Page 51 and 52: Less power consumption The types of
Page 53 and 54: 1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 67. The latest generations of
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
Page 61 and 62: AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
Page 67 and 68: As the years have passed, changes h
Page 69 and 70: The pipeline is like a reverse asse
Page 71 and 72: Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
Page 73 and 74: Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
Page 77 and 78: will become. ● Improvements to th
Page 79 and 80: point numbers with just one instruc
Page 81 and 82: The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
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another in all later generations of
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Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
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Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
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Figur 116. There are scores of diff
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present, CPU’s and motherboards h
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Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
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Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
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Module or chip size All RAM modules
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Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RA
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In the beginning the problem with D
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However, RAM also has to match the
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Modern motherboards for desktop use
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The new architecture is used for bo
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Figur 148. Report from the freeware
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Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
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Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
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Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
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opportunities for extension really
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Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
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Figur 162. The features in this mot
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Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
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As a result of all this, the periph
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Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
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Figure 44. The two chips which make
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Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
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Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
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You will most likely want to have t
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The trend is towards ever increasin
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A grand new world … We can expect
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here. Wafers and die size Another C
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Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
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Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
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Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
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Xeon processors are incredibly expe
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You can no doubt see that it wouldn
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Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
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Figure 90. The passage of instructi
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AMD’s 32 bit Athlon line can bare
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FPU - the number cruncher Floating
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for 32-bit integers, and one for 80
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Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
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Figure 105. L2 cache running at hal
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As was mentioned earlier, the older
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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The Opteron is the most expensive a
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Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
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Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
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Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
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DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
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Figure 137. The motherboard BIOS ca
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Of course you want to choose the be
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Under the Processes tab, you can se
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Figure 147. The architecture surrou
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Figure 149. The new chipset archite
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At the same time, the PCI system is
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Figure 156. The black PCI Express X
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Figure 157. The south bridge connec
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● The MCI, EISA and VL buses - fa
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Figure 164. The ATA interface works
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The ISA bus is thus the I/O bus whi
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MCA from 1987 Advanced I/O bus from
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Figure 172. The PCI bus is being re
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Figure 174. Using the CMOS setup pr
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Figure 178. The keyboard controller
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IRQ’s. It didn’t take much befo
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Memory-mapped I/O All devices, adap
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Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
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Finally, I will look at the FireWir
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The super I/O controller is connect
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Figure 196. In the middle you see t
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Figure 200. The UART controller rep
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number of different SCSI standards.
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Figur 205. SCSI hard disks anno 200
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Figure 207. A USB-based trackball -
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USB has thus made the serial ports
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Figure 211. In the middle of the pi
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Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here
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from the disk. This magnetism will
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In the ”old days”, interfaces s
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Figure 220. This motherboard has an
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Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
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Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
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The existing PATA system has a limi
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CMOS and Setup The startup program
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Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
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Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
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Figure 241. The system information
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have seen, in the ROM circuits on t
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To perform an upgrade you first dow
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DMA. Direct Memory Access. A system
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PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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