PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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Figure 111. A dual core processor with Hyper Threading operates as virtual quad-processor. Intel also produces EE-versions of the Pentium 4. EE is for Extreme Edition, and these processors are extremely speedy versions carrying 2 MB of L2 cache. In late 2004 Intel changed the socket design of the Pentium 4. The new processors have no ”pins”; they connect directly to the socket using little contacts in the processor surface.
Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for Pentium 4. Athlon The last processor I will discuss is the popular Athlon and Athlon 64 processor series (or K7 and K8). It was a big effort on the part of the relatively small manufacturer, AMD, when they challenged the giant Intel with a complete new processor design. The first models were released in 1999, at a time when Intel was the completely dominant supplier of <strong>PC</strong> processors. AMD set their sights high – they wanted to make a better processor than the Pentium II, and yet cheaper at the same time. There was a fierce battle between AMD and Intel between 1999 and 2001, and one would have to say that AMD was the victor. They certainly took a large part of the market from Intel. The original 1999 Athlon was very powerfully equipped with pipelines and computing units: ● Three instruction decoders which translated X86 program CISC instructions into the more efficient RISC instructions (ROP’s) – 9 of which could be executed at the same time. ● Could handle up to 72 instructions (ROP out of order) at the same time (the Pentium III could manage 40, the K6-2 only 24). ● Very strong FPU performance, with three simultaneous instructions. All in all, the Athlon was in a class above the Pentium II and III in those years. Since Athlon processors were sold at competitive prices, they were incredibly successful. They also launched the Duron line of processors, as the counterpart to Intel’s Celeron, and were just as successful with it. Athlon XP versus Pentium 4 Figure 113. Athlon was a huge success for AMD. During 2001-2002, the Athlon XP was in strong competition with the Pentium 4. The Athlon processor came in various versions. It started as a Slot A module (see Fig. 107 on page 42). It was then moved to Socket A, when the L2 cache was integrated. In 2001, a new Athlon XP version was released, which included improvements like a new Hardware Auto Data Prefetch Unit and a bigger Translation Look-aside Buffer. The Athlon XP was much less advanced than the Pentium 4 but quite superior at clock frequencies less than 2000 MHz. A 1667 MHz version of AthlonXP was sold as 2000+. This indicates, that the processor as a minimum performs like a 2000 MHz Pentium 4. Later we saw Athlons in other versions. The latest was based on a new kernel called ”Barton”. It was introduced in 2003 with a L2cachen of 512 KB. AMD tried to sell the 2166 MHz version under the brand 3000+. It did not work. A Pentium 4 running at 3000 MHz had no problems outperforming the Athlon. Opteron/ Athlon64 AMD’s 8th generation CPU was released in 2003. It is based on a completely new core called Hammer. A new series of 64-bits processors is called Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX and Opteron. These CPU’s has a new design in two areas: ● The memory controller is integrated in the CPU. Traditionally this function has been housed in the north bridge, but now it is placed inside the processor. ● AMD introduces a completely new 64-bit set of instructions. Moving the memory controller into the CPU is a great innovation. It gives a much more efficient communication between CPU and RAM (which has to be ECC DDR SDRAM – 72 bit modules with error correction).)
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PC Architecture - a book by Michael
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● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
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Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
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IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
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8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
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In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
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Internal devices External devices M
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Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
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Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
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Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
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Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
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● Higher clock frequencies (which
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Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
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Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here withou
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Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
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Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
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Sound facilities in a chipset canno
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● Other network, screen and sound
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Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
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Less power consumption The types of
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1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
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Fig. 67. The latest generations of
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Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
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AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
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Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
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As the years have passed, changes h
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The pipeline is like a reverse asse
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Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
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Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
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Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
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will become. ● Improvements to th
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point numbers with just one instruc
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The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
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another in all later generations of
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Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
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Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
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Figur 116. There are scores of diff
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present, CPU’s and motherboards h
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Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
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Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
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Module or chip size All RAM modules
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Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RA
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In the beginning the problem with D
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However, RAM also has to match the
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Modern motherboards for desktop use
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The new architecture is used for bo
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Figur 148. Report from the freeware
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Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
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Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
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Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
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opportunities for extension really
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Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
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Figur 162. The features in this mot
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Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
Page 137 and 138: As a result of all this, the periph
Page 139 and 140: Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
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Page 143 and 144: Figure 44. The two chips which make
Page 145 and 146: Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
Page 147 and 148: Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
Page 149 and 150: You will most likely want to have t
Page 151 and 152: The trend is towards ever increasin
Page 153 and 154: A grand new world … We can expect
Page 155 and 156: here. Wafers and die size Another C
Page 159 and 160: Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
Page 161 and 162: Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
Page 163 and 164: Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
Page 165 and 166: Xeon processors are incredibly expe
Page 167 and 168: You can no doubt see that it wouldn
Page 171 and 172: Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
Page 173 and 174: Figure 90. The passage of instructi
Page 175 and 176: AMD’s 32 bit Athlon line can bare
Page 177 and 178: FPU - the number cruncher Floating
Page 179 and 180: for 32-bit integers, and one for 80
Page 183 and 184: Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
Page 185 and 186: Figure 105. L2 cache running at hal
Page 187: As was mentioned earlier, the older
Page 191 and 192: The Opteron is the most expensive a
Page 197 and 198: Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
Page 199 and 200: Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
Page 203 and 204: Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
Page 205 and 206: DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
Page 207 and 208: Figure 137. The motherboard BIOS ca
Page 209 and 210: Of course you want to choose the be
Page 211 and 212: Under the Processes tab, you can se
Page 215 and 216: Figure 147. The architecture surrou
Page 217 and 218: Figure 149. The new chipset archite
Page 221 and 222: At the same time, the PCI system is
Page 223 and 224: Figure 156. The black PCI Express X
Page 225 and 226: Figure 157. The south bridge connec
Page 227 and 228: ● The MCI, EISA and VL buses - fa
Page 229 and 230: Figure 164. The ATA interface works
Page 231 and 232: The ISA bus is thus the I/O bus whi
Page 233 and 234: MCA from 1987 Advanced I/O bus from
Page 235 and 236: Figure 172. The PCI bus is being re
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Figure 178. The keyboard controller
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IRQ’s. It didn’t take much befo
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Memory-mapped I/O All devices, adap
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Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
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Finally, I will look at the FireWir
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The super I/O controller is connect
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Figure 196. In the middle you see t
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Figure 200. The UART controller rep
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number of different SCSI standards.
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Figur 205. SCSI hard disks anno 200
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Figure 207. A USB-based trackball -
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USB has thus made the serial ports
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Figure 211. In the middle of the pi
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Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here
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from the disk. This magnetism will
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In the ”old days”, interfaces s
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Figure 220. This motherboard has an
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Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
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Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
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The existing PATA system has a limi
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CMOS and Setup The startup program
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Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
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Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
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Figure 241. The system information
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have seen, in the ROM circuits on t
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To perform an upgrade you first dow
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DMA. Direct Memory Access. A system
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PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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