PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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Fig. 160. The south bridge is part of the chipset, but is supplemented by the small Super I/O controller. Several types of I/O bus Throughout the years, several different I/O buses have been developed. These are the proper I/O buses: ● The ISA bus – an old, low-speed bus which is not used much any more. ● The MCI, EISA and VL buses – faster buses which are also not used any more. ● The PCI bus – a general I/O bus used in more modern PC’s. ● The PCI Express – the most modern bus. These ”real” I/O buses are designed for mounting plug-in cards (adapters) inside the actual PC box. They therefore connect to a series of sockets (slots) on the motherboard: Fig. 161. Plug-in cards are mounted in the I/O slots on the motherboard. The various I/O buses have gradually replaced each other throughout the PC’s history. Motherboards often used to have several buses, but today basically only the PCI bus is used for installing adapters such as network cards, etc.
Figur 162. The features in this motherboard are all available through the choice of chipset. Here the south bridge delivers many nice features. Other types of bus The PC always needs a low-speed bus, used for the less intensive I/O devices. For many years that was the job of the ISA bus, but it has been replaced today by USB (Universal Serial Bus). USB is not a traditional motherboard bus, as it doesn’t have slots for mounting plug-in cards. With USB, external devices are connected in a series. More on this later. SCSI and FireWire are other types of high-speed bus which give the PC more expansion options. They are not part of the standard PC architecture, but they can be integrated into any PC. This is normally done using a plug-in card for the PCI bus, on which the SCSI or FireWire controller is mounted. Thus the two interfaces draw on the capacity of the PCI bus: Fig. 163. SCSI and FireWire controllers are both normally connected to the PCI bus. Finally, I should also mention the ATA hard disk interface, which is not normally called a bus, but which really could be called one. The ATA interface is only used for drives, and the standard configuration allows four devices to be connected directly to the motherboard, where the hard disk’s wide cable, for example, fits inside an ATA connector.
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PC Architecture - a book by Michael
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● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
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Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
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IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
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8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
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In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
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Internal devices External devices M
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Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
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Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
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Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
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Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
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● Higher clock frequencies (which
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Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
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Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here withou
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Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
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Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
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Sound facilities in a chipset canno
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● Other network, screen and sound
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Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
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Less power consumption The types of
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1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
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Fig. 67. The latest generations of
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Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
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AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
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Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
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As the years have passed, changes h
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The pipeline is like a reverse asse
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Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
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Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
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Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
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will become. ● Improvements to th
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Page 81 and 82: The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
Page 83 and 84: another in all later generations of
Page 85 and 86: Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
Page 87 and 88: Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
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Page 91 and 92: Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
Page 93 and 94: Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
Page 95 and 96: Figur 116. There are scores of diff
Page 97 and 98: present, CPU’s and motherboards h
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
Page 103 and 104: Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
Page 107 and 108: Module or chip size All RAM modules
Page 109 and 110: Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RA
Page 111 and 112: In the beginning the problem with D
Page 113 and 114: However, RAM also has to match the
Page 115 and 116: Modern motherboards for desktop use
Page 117 and 118: The new architecture is used for bo
Page 119 and 120: Figur 148. Report from the freeware
Page 121 and 122: Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
Page 123 and 124: Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
Page 125 and 126: Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
Page 127 and 128: opportunities for extension really
Page 129: Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
Page 137 and 138: As a result of all this, the periph
Page 139 and 140: Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
Page 143 and 144: Figure 44. The two chips which make
Page 145 and 146: Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
Page 147 and 148: Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
Page 149 and 150: You will most likely want to have t
Page 151 and 152: The trend is towards ever increasin
Page 153 and 154: A grand new world … We can expect
Page 155 and 156: here. Wafers and die size Another C
Page 159 and 160: Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
Page 161 and 162: Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
Page 163 and 164: Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
Page 165 and 166: Xeon processors are incredibly expe
Page 167 and 168: You can no doubt see that it wouldn
Page 171 and 172: Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
Page 173 and 174: Figure 90. The passage of instructi
Page 175 and 176: AMD’s 32 bit Athlon line can bare
Page 177 and 178: FPU - the number cruncher Floating
Page 179 and 180: for 32-bit integers, and one for 80
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Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
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Figure 105. L2 cache running at hal
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As was mentioned earlier, the older
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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The Opteron is the most expensive a
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Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
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Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
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Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
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DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
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Figure 137. The motherboard BIOS ca
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Of course you want to choose the be
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Under the Processes tab, you can se
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Figure 147. The architecture surrou
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Figure 149. The new chipset archite
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At the same time, the PCI system is
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Figure 156. The black PCI Express X
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Figure 157. The south bridge connec
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● The MCI, EISA and VL buses - fa
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Figure 164. The ATA interface works
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The ISA bus is thus the I/O bus whi
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MCA from 1987 Advanced I/O bus from
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Figure 172. The PCI bus is being re
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Figure 174. Using the CMOS setup pr
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Figure 178. The keyboard controller
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IRQ’s. It didn’t take much befo
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Memory-mapped I/O All devices, adap
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Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
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Finally, I will look at the FireWir
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The super I/O controller is connect
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Figure 196. In the middle you see t
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Figure 200. The UART controller rep
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number of different SCSI standards.
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Figur 205. SCSI hard disks anno 200
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Figure 207. A USB-based trackball -
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USB has thus made the serial ports
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Figure 211. In the middle of the pi
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Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here
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from the disk. This magnetism will
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In the ”old days”, interfaces s
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Figure 220. This motherboard has an
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Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
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Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
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The existing PATA system has a limi
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CMOS and Setup The startup program
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Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
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Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
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Figure 241. The system information
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have seen, in the ROM circuits on t
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To perform an upgrade you first dow
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DMA. Direct Memory Access. A system
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PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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