PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps., Denmark, Europe. ● Next chapter. ● Previous chapter. Chapter 38. The PC’s I/O system There are a lot of I/O ports in the PC’s architecture, with their associated I/O devices and standards. I/O stands for Input/Output, and these ports can both send and receive data from the processor and RAM. The I/O system provides flexibility The use of I/O devices has contributed to making the PC an incredibly flexible machine. Computers can be used for anything from normal office tasks, processing text and numbers, to image processing using scanners and cameras, to producing video, light and music. The PC can also be used industrially. In 1987-88 I worked in a company that produced special PC’s which could control the production of concrete. This was achieved using special I/O cards which could monitor the weighing of sand, gravel, cement and water. The core of the system was a standard office PC from Olivetti. This particularly flexible architecture is based on an I/O system which can be extended almost without limit. This is one place we really see the PC’s open architecture: any engineer or technician can, in principle, develop their own plug-in cards and other special devices, if they just meet one of the I/O standards. The opportunities for extension really are unlimited! In the following chapters we will look at the various I/O buses which link the PC’s other devices with the CPU and RAM. 19. Intro to the I/O system During the last 10-15 years we have seen numerous technological innovations, the goal of which has been to increase the amount of traffic in the PC. This increase in traffic has taken place in the motherboard – with the system bus at the centre. But the high clock frequencies and the large capacity for data transfer also affect the I/O system. Demands are being made for faster hard disks and greater bandwidth to and from external devices such as scanners and cameras. This has led to ongoing development of the I/O controllers in the south bridge.
Figure 157. The south bridge connects a large number of different devices with the CPU and RAM. You can work out the capacity of a data bus based on data width and clock frequency. Here is a brief comparison between the system bus and the I/O buses: Bus The north bridge’s buses Variants FSB, RAM, AGP, PCI Express X16, CSA Connects CPU, RAM, Video, Ethernet The I/O buses ISA, PCI, PCI Express, USB, ATA, SCSI, FireWire All other devices. Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically 10-33 MHz. Maximum capacity > 3 GB/sec. Typically 20-500 MB/sec. per bus Figure 158. The system bus is much faster than any other bus. Function of the I/O buses As I already mentioned, the south bridge was introduced back in 1987 (see Fig. 119). The reason for this was that the I/O devices couldn’t keep up with the high clock frequencies which the CPU and RAM could work at. There was electrical noise and other problems on the motherboard when the signals had to be carried to the plug-in cards, etc. Very few plug-in cards work at anything higher than 40 MHz – the electronics can’t cope, the chips and conductors simply can’t react that quickly. The I/O speed had to therefore be scaled down in relation to the system bus. Since then, a number of different standards for I/O buses have been developed, which all emanate from the south bridge controllers. These include the older ISA, MCA, EISA and VL buses, and the current PCI, PCI Express and USB buses. The differences lie in their construction and architecture – in their connection to the motherboard. I/O devices The I/O buses run all over the motherboard, and connect a large number of different I/O devices. The south bridge controllers connect all the I/O devices to the CPU and RAM. Fig. 159 shows a brief overview of the various types of I/O devices. Note that AGP is not included, as it is tied to the north bridge. Name Devices KBD, PS2, FDC, Game ROM, CMOS BIOS, setup, POST. Keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, joystick, etc. ATA Hard disk, CD-ROM/RW, DVD etc. PCI and PCI Express Network card, SCSI controller, video grapper card, sound cards and lots of other adapters.
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PC Architecture - a book by Michael
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● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
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Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
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IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
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8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
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In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
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Internal devices External devices M
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Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
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Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
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Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
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Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
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● Higher clock frequencies (which
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Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
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Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here withou
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Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
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Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
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Sound facilities in a chipset canno
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● Other network, screen and sound
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Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
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Less power consumption The types of
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1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
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Fig. 67. The latest generations of
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Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
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AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
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Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
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As the years have passed, changes h
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The pipeline is like a reverse asse
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Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
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Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
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Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
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will become. ● Improvements to th
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point numbers with just one instruc
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The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
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another in all later generations of
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Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
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Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
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Figur 116. There are scores of diff
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present, CPU’s and motherboards h
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Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
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Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
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Module or chip size All RAM modules
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Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RA
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In the beginning the problem with D
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However, RAM also has to match the
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Modern motherboards for desktop use
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The new architecture is used for bo
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Figur 148. Report from the freeware
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Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
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Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
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Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
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opportunities for extension really
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Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
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Figur 162. The features in this mot
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Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
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As a result of all this, the periph
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Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
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Figure 44. The two chips which make
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Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
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Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
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You will most likely want to have t
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The trend is towards ever increasin
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A grand new world … We can expect
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here. Wafers and die size Another C
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Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
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Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
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Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
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Xeon processors are incredibly expe
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You can no doubt see that it wouldn
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Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
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Page 177 and 178: FPU - the number cruncher Floating
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Page 183 and 184: Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
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Page 187 and 188: As was mentioned earlier, the older
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Page 191 and 192: The Opteron is the most expensive a
Page 197 and 198: Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
Page 199 and 200: Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
Page 203 and 204: Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
Page 205 and 206: DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
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Page 221 and 222: At the same time, the PCI system is
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Page 241 and 242: Figure 178. The keyboard controller
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Page 249 and 250: Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
Page 251 and 252: Finally, I will look at the FireWir
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Page 271 and 272: Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here
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In the ”old days”, interfaces s
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Figure 220. This motherboard has an
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Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
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Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
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The existing PATA system has a limi
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CMOS and Setup The startup program
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Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
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Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
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Figure 241. The system information
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have seen, in the ROM circuits on t
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To perform an upgrade you first dow
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DMA. Direct Memory Access. A system
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PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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