PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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Level Technique RAID 0 Two or more disks are connected together, and the files are split between them (striping). The goal is purely greater speed, as the controller can read from/write to several disks at the same time. There is no extra security. RAID 1 Two hard disks are used. Purely provides increased security, as the data is written twice – first normally, and then to the mirror disk. If the first disk goes down, the second is immediately ready to replace it. RAID 0/1 Uses four disks and combines the two techniques above. RAID 3 Spreads the data over several disks and stores parity data on one of them. RAID 5 Improves both performance and security. Uses at least three, usually four disks. Is considered to be the best principle. Figure 206. There are many different RAID systems. USB USB stands for Universal Serial Bus and is an I/O standard originally developed by seven companies – Compaq, Digital, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC and Northern Telecom (see the USB Implementers Forum at www.usb.org). USB is a cheap serial I/O bus with an open specification. This means that anyone can produce USB products, without having to pay licences to anyone. USB has been the biggest and most welcome innovation in PC design seen for many years. It is an expansion bus which allows a vast amount of PC equipment to be connected. It’s suddenly possible to connect loads of different gadgets to the PC – and using just one type of connector! And USB devices can also be used both with Macintosh computers and PC’s – yet another advantage. USB has been advertised since 1994, and for many years it was called the Useless Serial Bus. But starting in 1999, production finally surged forward, and there are now thousands of different USB gadgets. USB unifies all the different connections for keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, digital camera, and perhaps printer, onto a shared bus – connected using a common connector type.
Figure 207. A USB-based trackball – actually designed for Macintosh computers, but works fine on PC’s. USB – the technology From a technical viewpoint, the following can be said about USB: ● The transfer speed is limited to a maximum of 12 Mbit/sec. in USB version 1.1. It is therefore primarily used for equipment which doesn’t require a large bandwidth. ● USB version 2.0 has a bandwidth of 40 MB pr. second, and is used in all modern computers. USB version 2.0 is backwards compatible. The same type of connector is used, and old devices can be connected to the new controllers. ● USB is a serial connection using just four conductors (in contrast to the 50 or so used for a PCI device). This makes manufacturing much easier and cheaper. ● The USB cable can also supply power to the devices. This means that scanners, for example, don’t have to have their own power supply. The maximum cable length is 5 meters. ● Up to 127 USB devices can be connected to the PC using USB hubs. ● There are no IRQ’s to be configured or terminators etc. USB devices can be connected ”On the fly”, without restarting the PC. There has to be a USB host controller in the PC in order to be able to connect the devices. This controller can be bought separately, as an adapter, but most motherboards have one built into the chipset’s south bridge. There are typically two or four USB connectors on the motherboard, but you can have many more USB devices than this if you connect an extra hub (e.g. integrated in a screen, as in Fig. 209.
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PC Architecture - a book by Michael
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● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
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Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
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IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
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8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
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In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
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Internal devices External devices M
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Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
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Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
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Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
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Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
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● Higher clock frequencies (which
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Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
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Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here withou
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Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
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Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
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Sound facilities in a chipset canno
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● Other network, screen and sound
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Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
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Less power consumption The types of
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1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
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Fig. 67. The latest generations of
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Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
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AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
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Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
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As the years have passed, changes h
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The pipeline is like a reverse asse
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Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
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Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
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Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
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will become. ● Improvements to th
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point numbers with just one instruc
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The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
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another in all later generations of
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Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
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Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
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Figur 116. There are scores of diff
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present, CPU’s and motherboards h
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Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
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Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
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Module or chip size All RAM modules
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Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RA
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In the beginning the problem with D
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However, RAM also has to match the
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Modern motherboards for desktop use
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The new architecture is used for bo
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Figur 148. Report from the freeware
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Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
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Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
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Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
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opportunities for extension really
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Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
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Figur 162. The features in this mot
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Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
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As a result of all this, the periph
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Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
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Figure 44. The two chips which make
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Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
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Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
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You will most likely want to have t
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The trend is towards ever increasin
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A grand new world … We can expect
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here. Wafers and die size Another C
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Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
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Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
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Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
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Xeon processors are incredibly expe
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You can no doubt see that it wouldn
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Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
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Figure 90. The passage of instructi
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AMD’s 32 bit Athlon line can bare
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FPU - the number cruncher Floating
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for 32-bit integers, and one for 80
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Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
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Figure 105. L2 cache running at hal
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As was mentioned earlier, the older
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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The Opteron is the most expensive a
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Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
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Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
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Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
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DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
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Figure 137. The motherboard BIOS ca
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Of course you want to choose the be
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Under the Processes tab, you can se
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Page 215 and 216: Figure 147. The architecture surrou
Page 217 and 218: Figure 149. The new chipset archite
Page 221 and 222: At the same time, the PCI system is
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Page 227 and 228: ● The MCI, EISA and VL buses - fa
Page 229 and 230: Figure 164. The ATA interface works
Page 231 and 232: The ISA bus is thus the I/O bus whi
Page 233 and 234: MCA from 1987 Advanced I/O bus from
Page 235 and 236: Figure 172. The PCI bus is being re
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Page 241 and 242: Figure 178. The keyboard controller
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Page 245 and 246: Memory-mapped I/O All devices, adap
Page 249 and 250: Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
Page 251 and 252: Finally, I will look at the FireWir
Page 255 and 256: The super I/O controller is connect
Page 257 and 258: Figure 196. In the middle you see t
Page 259 and 260: Figure 200. The UART controller rep
Page 261 and 262: number of different SCSI standards.
Page 263: Figur 205. SCSI hard disks anno 200
Page 267 and 268: USB has thus made the serial ports
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Page 271 and 272: Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here
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Page 275 and 276: In the ”old days”, interfaces s
Page 277 and 278: Figure 220. This motherboard has an
Page 279 and 280: Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
Page 281 and 282: Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
Page 283 and 284: The existing PATA system has a limi
Page 287 and 288: CMOS and Setup The startup program
Page 289 and 290: Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
Page 291 and 292: Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
Page 293 and 294: Figure 241. The system information
Page 295 and 296: have seen, in the ROM circuits on t
Page 297 and 298: To perform an upgrade you first dow
Page 299 and 300: DMA. Direct Memory Access. A system
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PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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