PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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the cooling fans are whirring (if they are connected in the right way). This menu is used, for example, by overclockers, who are very keen to know that the PC is not burning out. Frequency/Voltage Control. This menu allows you to set the clock multiplier factor for the CPU, if it allows this, and adjust the voltage for the processor core, AGP system and I/O bus. See also Fig. 123. Figure 240. PC Health Status provides an instant report on the CPU’s physical state. Set Supervisor and User password. These menus allow you to choose a supervisor password, which is used to protect the Setup settings. This is used in some schools, where certain students have a tendency to fiddle with the computer’s setup options. Conclusion The CMOS storage contains a number of essential items of system data, which are used by the startup programs. The user has the option to change these settings via the Setup program. Many of the more advanced options are not relevant to normal users like us. They are linked to the controller chips on the motherboard, which can be configured in various ways, but there is no reason to change these settings. The motherboard manufacturer has already configured everything optimally, and they recommend in the manuals that you don’t change anything. But if you are interested in your PC at the hardware level, you should definitely acquaint yourself with the facilities of the Setup program.
Figure 241. The system information in the CMOS storage can be changed if necessary using the Setup program. Resetting the CMOS storage If you look at the main menu in Fig. 236, there are options there to reload the standard settings (Load Fail-Safe Defaults and Load Optimized Defaults). You can make use of this if, after playing around, you find that your settings no longer work. It is a very good idea to write down what you change on a piece of paper – especially the first time you work with Setup. Record the menu and setting you change, and what the value was before you changed it. If it gets right out of hand, you can always reset the CMOS. You might need to do this, for example, if you set up password protection for Setup, and then forget the password. The motherboard as a jumper which erases the CMOS data. You move the jumper, start the PC, and the data is erased. You then enter new data and move the jumper back again. Another method is to remove the motherboard battery. This maintains the CMOS data, so all the data is erased if you briefly remove the battery (which you can ease out of its round plastic holder).
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PC Architecture - a book by Michael
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● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
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Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
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IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
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8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
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In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
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Internal devices External devices M
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Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
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Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
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Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
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Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
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● Higher clock frequencies (which
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Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
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Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here withou
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Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
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Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
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Sound facilities in a chipset canno
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● Other network, screen and sound
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Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
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Less power consumption The types of
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1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
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Fig. 67. The latest generations of
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Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
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AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
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Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
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As the years have passed, changes h
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The pipeline is like a reverse asse
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Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
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Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
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Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
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will become. ● Improvements to th
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point numbers with just one instruc
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The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
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another in all later generations of
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Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
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Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
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Figur 116. There are scores of diff
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present, CPU’s and motherboards h
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Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
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Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
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Module or chip size All RAM modules
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Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RA
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In the beginning the problem with D
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However, RAM also has to match the
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Modern motherboards for desktop use
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The new architecture is used for bo
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Figur 148. Report from the freeware
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Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
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Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
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Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
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opportunities for extension really
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Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
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Figur 162. The features in this mot
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Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
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As a result of all this, the periph
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Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
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Figure 44. The two chips which make
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Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
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Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
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You will most likely want to have t
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The trend is towards ever increasin
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A grand new world … We can expect
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here. Wafers and die size Another C
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Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
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Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
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Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
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Xeon processors are incredibly expe
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You can no doubt see that it wouldn
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Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
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Figure 90. The passage of instructi
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AMD’s 32 bit Athlon line can bare
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FPU - the number cruncher Floating
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for 32-bit integers, and one for 80
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Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
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Figure 105. L2 cache running at hal
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As was mentioned earlier, the older
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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The Opteron is the most expensive a
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Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
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Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
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Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
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DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
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Figure 137. The motherboard BIOS ca
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Of course you want to choose the be
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Under the Processes tab, you can se
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Figure 147. The architecture surrou
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Figure 149. The new chipset archite
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At the same time, the PCI system is
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Figure 156. The black PCI Express X
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Figure 157. The south bridge connec
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● The MCI, EISA and VL buses - fa
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Figure 164. The ATA interface works
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The ISA bus is thus the I/O bus whi
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MCA from 1987 Advanced I/O bus from
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Figure 172. The PCI bus is being re
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Figure 174. Using the CMOS setup pr
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Page 241 and 242: Figure 178. The keyboard controller
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Page 249 and 250: Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
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Page 261 and 262: number of different SCSI standards.
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Page 265 and 266: Figure 207. A USB-based trackball -
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Page 271 and 272: Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here
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Page 279 and 280: Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
Page 281 and 282: Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
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Page 287 and 288: CMOS and Setup The startup program
Page 289 and 290: Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
Page 291: Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
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Page 297 and 298: To perform an upgrade you first dow
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