PC Architecture. A book by Michael B. Karbo

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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps., Denmark, Europe. ● Next chapter. ● Previous chapter. Chapter 44. Hard disks, ATA and SATA I am now finally going to describe the ATA interface, which has been mentioned several times earlier in the guide. The ATA interface is used for hard disks (as in Fig. 20, and the motherboard’s ATA controller is built into the chipset’s south bridge, as shown in Fig. 195. We have also seen, that ATA devices use bus mastering to exchange data directly with RAM. But what does this interface actually consist of? And why do new standards for hard disks keep coming out? We are going to look at that now. History of the hard disk It is critical that we have a place to save our programs and data when the PC is switched off. Otherwise it is useless. Twenty years ago, diskettes were used, but their capacity is very limited. Right back in 1957, IBM introduced the first “fixed disk storage”. It was a big thing with 50 disks that were 24 inches in diameter. This very early hard disk had a capacity of 5 MB – a huge storage space at the time, which cost $35,000 a year to lease. One of IBM’s models was called the 3030, and in the weaponsconscious USA, this led to the hard disk being given the nickname, Winchester disk (a Winchester 3030 was a popular rifle) – a nickname that was also used in Europe for many years. The first computer with a hard disk was IBM’s RAMAC, which was used during the 1960 Olympics to calculate sports results. A bit later, in 1962, removable disk packs were developed – a forerunner of the floppy disk. In 1964, the CRC algorithm was introduced. It provided greater security by checking and comparing data before and after it was written to the disk. In 1971, the first 8-inch diskettes came onto the market. But it wasn’t until the middle of the 1980’s that people began to use hard disks in more standard PC’s, and since then development has surged ahead. The capacity of a standard hard disk has actually become a thousand times greater in the period 1990-2000. The standard user’s need for disk space (e.g. for digital photos, video and music) has grown in step with this, so that 120-250 GB of disk space or more is normal in many PC’s – a figure which will double over the next few years. Hard disks are constantly being developed which have greater capacity and speed (the two go together, as we shall see), and there is therefore a constant need for new types of hard disk controllers. The companies leading the development are Maxtor, Western Digital, IBM/Hitachi and Seagate.
Figure 213. An SATA-hard disk (here 160 gigabytes). This is a standard product, which you can buy anywhere. The physical disk Hard disks consist of one or more magnetic plates mounted in a metal box. The standard size (as in Fig. 213) is about 10 x 14.5 x 2.5 cm, and such a device can contain hundreds of gigabytes of data. Inside the box, a number of glass or metal plates whir around at, for example, 5400 or 7200 revolutions per minute – these being the two most common speeds. The read/write heads hover over the magnetic plates, and can transfer data at a tremendous speed:
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PC Architecture - a book by Michael
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● Next chapter. ● Previous chap
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Copyright Michael Karbo , Denmark,
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IBM-compatible PCs, and as the year
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8 bit 8080 Small CP/M based home co
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In the winter of 1939 Atanasoff was
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Copyright Michael Karbo and ELI Aps
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Fig. 12. Cray supercomputer, 1976.
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Internal devices External devices M
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Fig. 21. Underneath the hard disk y
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Fig. 24. The motherboard is the hub
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Fig. 27. Here you can see three (wh
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Fig. 31. At the bottom left, you ca
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● Higher clock frequencies (which
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Which CPU? Fig. 35. The underside o
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Fig. 38. A CPU is shown here withou
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Fig. 39. If you are not sure which
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Fig. 44. The two chips which make u
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Sound facilities in a chipset canno
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● Other network, screen and sound
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Fig. 54. The CPU’s working speed
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Less power consumption The types of
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1993 Pentium 0.8/0.5/0.35 microns 1
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Fig. 67. The latest generations of
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Fig. 68. Cache RAM is much faster t
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AMD Athlon 64 64 bits 2200 MHz 17,6
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Fig. 78. The WCPUID program reports
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As the years have passed, changes h
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The pipeline is like a reverse asse
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Motorola G4 4 500 MHz Motorola G4e
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Fig. 91. In the Pentium 4, the inst
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Fig. 92. Re-writing numbers in floa
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will become. ● Improvements to th
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point numbers with just one instruc
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The first PC’s were 16-bit machin
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another in all later generations of
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Fig. 105. L2 cache running at half
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Fig. 108. Extreme CPU cooling using
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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Figur 114. In the Athlon 64 the mem
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Figur 116. There are scores of diff
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present, CPU’s and motherboards h
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Fig. 119. With this architecture, t
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Figur 124. A gigantic cooler with t
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Module or chip size All RAM modules
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Fig. 135. Older RAM modules. FPM RA
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In the beginning the problem with D
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However, RAM also has to match the
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Modern motherboards for desktop use
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The new architecture is used for bo
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Figur 148. Report from the freeware
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Fig. 150. In reality, the RAM needs
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Fig. 152. The data path to the vide
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Texture cache and RAMDAC Textures a
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opportunities for extension really
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Clock freq. 66 - 1066 MHz Typically
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Figur 162. The features in this mot
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Fig. 168. ISA based Sound Blaster s
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As a result of all this, the periph
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Fig. 174. Using the CMOS setup prog
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Figure 44. The two chips which make
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Figure 47. The chipset’s south br
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Figure 51. This PC has two sound ca
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You will most likely want to have t
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The trend is towards ever increasin
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A grand new world … We can expect
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here. Wafers and die size Another C
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Figure 69. A cache increases the CP
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Celeron (later gen.), Pentium III,
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Athlon 64 128 KB 512 KB Athlon 64 F
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Xeon processors are incredibly expe
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You can no doubt see that it wouldn
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Intel Pentium 4 (first generation)
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Figure 90. The passage of instructi
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AMD’s 32 bit Athlon line can bare
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FPU - the number cruncher Floating
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for 32-bit integers, and one for 80
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Figure 101. Two 486’s from two di
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Figure 105. L2 cache running at hal
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As was mentioned earlier, the older
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Figur 112. The LGA 775 socket for P
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The Opteron is the most expensive a
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Figure 120. The bus system for an 8
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Figure 123. Setting the CPU voltage
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Figure 129. A 512 MB DDR RAM module
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DDR2-400 400 MHz DDR2 RAM DDR2-533
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Figure 137. The motherboard BIOS ca
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Of course you want to choose the be
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Under the Processes tab, you can se
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Figure 147. The architecture surrou
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Figure 149. The new chipset archite
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Page 221 and 222: At the same time, the PCI system is
Page 223 and 224: Figure 156. The black PCI Express X
Page 225 and 226: Figure 157. The south bridge connec
Page 227 and 228: ● The MCI, EISA and VL buses - fa
Page 229 and 230: Figure 164. The ATA interface works
Page 231 and 232: The ISA bus is thus the I/O bus whi
Page 233 and 234: MCA from 1987 Advanced I/O bus from
Page 235 and 236: Figure 172. The PCI bus is being re
Page 237 and 238: Figure 174. Using the CMOS setup pr
Page 241 and 242: Figure 178. The keyboard controller
Page 243 and 244: IRQ’s. It didn’t take much befo
Page 245 and 246: Memory-mapped I/O All devices, adap
Page 249 and 250: Figure 188. Here is the Audigy card
Page 251 and 252: Finally, I will look at the FireWir
Page 255 and 256: The super I/O controller is connect
Page 257 and 258: Figure 196. In the middle you see t
Page 259 and 260: Figure 200. The UART controller rep
Page 261 and 262: number of different SCSI standards.
Page 263 and 264: Figur 205. SCSI hard disks anno 200
Page 265 and 266: Figure 207. A USB-based trackball -
Page 267 and 268: USB has thus made the serial ports
Page 269: Figure 211. In the middle of the pi
Page 273 and 274: from the disk. This magnetism will
Page 275 and 276: In the ”old days”, interfaces s
Page 277 and 278: Figure 220. This motherboard has an
Page 279 and 280: Figure 224. Jumper to change betwee
Page 281 and 282: Figure 228. An ATA-RAID controller
Page 283 and 284: The existing PATA system has a limi
Page 287 and 288: CMOS and Setup The startup program
Page 289 and 290: Figure 237. Standard CMOS Features
Page 291 and 292: Figure 239. Advanced Chipset Featur
Page 293 and 294: Figure 241. The system information
Page 295 and 296: have seen, in the ROM circuits on t
Page 297 and 298: To perform an upgrade you first dow
Page 299 and 300: DMA. Direct Memory Access. A system
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