1A9bnbK

Recommendations

Info

92 THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES *** The Roadmap targets the interruption of transmission in all countries by the end of 2015, implying zero cases reported from 2016 henceforth. Once a country claims to have interrupted transmission, it becomes eligible for certification of eradication after completing a 3-year precertification period. An intensive process of assessment is carried out as recommended by the International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication, or ICCDE (3). Historic opportunity Progress towards global eradication continues to be substantive. In 2013, a record decline (73%) in the annual number of cases (148) was registered compared with the 542 cases reported in 2012. This decrease was largely driven by the 78% decline in the number of cases in South Sudan, from 521 cases in 2012 to 113 cases in 2013. While Chad, Ethiopia, Mali and Sudan reported a slight increase in the number of cases in 2013 compared with 2012, the total number of cases reported from these four remaining endemic countries (35 cases) was limited to a few foci (Fig. 4.4.1). Fig. 4.4.3 Status of global certification of dracunculiasis eradication, 2014 Countries currently endemic for dracunculiasis Not applicable Countries in the precertification stage Previously endemic countries certified free of dracunculiasis Other countries and territories certified free of dracunculiasis Countries and territories not known to have dracunculiasis but yet to be certified
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 93 In 2014, all endemic countries and those in the precertification stage implemented monetary reward schemes for voluntary reporting of cases. In 2013, surveys indicated that the level of awareness among the population of the reward varied between 56% and 83% in endemic districts and between 16% and 90% in non-endemic districts. The ICCDE has recommended that at least 50% of the general population should be aware of the reward and its exact amount. With the certification of five additional countries in 2013, WHO has certified a total of 197 countries, territories and areas belonging to 185 Member States as dracunculiasis-free. Fig. 4.4.3 shows the status of all countries by endemicity and certification stage. New challenges The insecurity resulting from conflicts in Mali and South Sudan is of concern to their national eradication efforts. The conflict that erupted in South Sudan (December 2013) spared much of the region where the majority of cases and the height of transmission occur, but has the potential to jeopardize achievements if access to areas of insecurity continues to be difficult. Security concerns in the north of Mali interrupted the national eradication programme in 2012, although United Nations bodies involved in humanitarian support have facilitated intermittent surveillance. With improvement in security in 2013, surveillance is being strengthened in three of the four endemic regions (Gao, Timbuktu and Mopti), but in Kidal region security remains a concern and interventions could not be implemented regularly. Furthermore, conflicts lead to population displacements both within and outside the borders of the countries, posing additional challenges to surveillance. Surveillance has been intensified in the Malian refugee camps in Burkina Faso, Mauritania and Niger in an effort to prevent the spread of infection and disease. The Ethiopian dracunculiasis eradication programme is likewise reinforcing surveillance in areas bordering South Sudan. In 2012, Chad was re-designated as an endemic country after transmission continued for 3 consecutive years following the outbreak detected in 2010, more than 10 years after the last known case had occured in 2000. Investigation revealed an unusual occurrence of large numbers of cases among dogs during 2012–2013 (4), a phenomenon noted in contrast to the few infections in animals previously recorded in other countries. In addition to the known method of transmission, scientists have hypothesized the role of fish or other aquatic animals as paratenic hosts in channeling the infection to both dogs and humans through ingestion of partially or uncooked fish or its entrails (5). Since the Cyclops continues to be the intermediate host, the ICCDE has recommended the implementation of an effective vector control strategy as well as community education about the importance of eating properly cooked fish and disposing of fish entrails appropriately.
Page 1:
INVESTING TO OVERCOME THE GLOBAL IM
Page 4 and 5:
ii THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TR
Page 6 and 7:
iv THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TR
Page 8:
vi THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TR
Page 11 and 12:
*** FOREWORD ix FOREWORD BY THE DIR
Page 13 and 14:
*** EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi EXECUTIVE
Page 15 and 16:
*** EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii for the
Page 17 and 18:
*** EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xv Neglected
Page 19 and 20:
*** THE RESOLUTION AND THE ROADMAP
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
*** INVESTING TOWARDS UNIVERSAL COV
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60: *** INVESTING TOWARDS UNIVERSAL COV
Page 61 and 62: *** INVESTING TOWARDS UNIVERSAL COV
Page 63 and 64: *** KEY INTERVENTIONS: SITUATION RE
Page 87 and 88: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 69 I
Page 91 and 92: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 73 p
Page 93 and 94: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 75 4
Page 95 and 96: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 77 E
Page 97 and 98: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 79 T
Page 103 and 104: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 85 A
Page 105 and 106: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 87 F
Page 109: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 91 F
Page 117 and 118: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 99 M
Page 119 and 120: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 101
Page 161 and 162:
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 143
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
*** ANNEXES 179 ANNEXES
Page 199 and 200:
*** ANNEXES 181 Annex 1a (cont’d)
Page 201 and 202:
*** ANNEXES 183 WHA66.12 Recognizin
Page 203 and 204:
*** ANNEXES 185 WHA66.12 3. REQUEST
Page 205 and 206:
*** ANNEXES 187 Annex 3. Classifica
Page 207 and 208:
*** ANNEXES 189 Annex 5. Medicines
Page 209:
*** ANNEXES 191 WHO REGIONAL OFFICE
show all

1A9bnbK

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?