1A9bnbK

Recommendations

Info

126 THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES *** _____________________ REFERENCES 1. Control of the Leishmaniases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 949). 2. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35671. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035671. 3. WHO global burden of disease estimates for 2000–2012 [web page]. Geneva: World Health Organization (http://www.who. int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index2.html; accessed December 2014). 4. Aagaard-Hansen J, Nombela N, Alvar J. Population movement: a key factor in the epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:1281–8. 5. Argaw D, Mulugeta A, Herreo M, Nombela N, Teklu T, Tefera T et al. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis among residents and migrants in Kafta-Humera, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2543. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002543. 6. Abubakar A, Ruiz-Postigo JA, Pia J, Lado M, Ben-Ismail R, Argaw D et al. Visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in South Sudan 2009–2012: epidemiological assessment and impact of a multisectoral response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2720. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002720. 7. Jacobson RL. Leishmaniasis in an era of conflict in the Middle East. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11:247–58. doi:10.1089/ vbz.2010.0068; Hayani K, Dandashli A, Weisshaar E. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: clinical features, current status and the effects of war. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;95:62–6. doi:10.2340/00015555-1988; Salam N, Al-Shaqha WM, Azzi A. Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: incident and epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3208. doi:10.1371/journal. pntd.0003208 [eCollection]. 8. Control of the leishmaniases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on the control of Leishmaniases. Geneva, 22–26 March 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. 9. Regional technical advisory group (RTAG) for the kala-azar elimination programme. Report of the fifth meeting, Paro, Bhutan, 17–19 September 2013. New Delhi; WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2013. 10. Framework for action on cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Eastern Mediterranean Region 2014–2018. Cairo: WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2014. 11. Strategic framework for leishmaniasis control in the WHO European Region, 2014–2020. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2014. 12. Leishmaniases in the Americas: diagnostic and treatment [distant learning course]. Washington (DC): Pan American Health Organization/WHO Regional Office for the Americas (http://cursos.campusvirtualsp.org/repository/coursefilearea/file. php/133/folder/Leishmaniasis_INGL.pdf). 13. Research priorities for Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. Technical report of the TDR Disease Reference Group on Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 975).
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 127 4.10 Leprosy Introduction Leprosy is a complex ancient disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae. The course and pathology of the disease depend on the response of the person’s immune system to the infection. Most control programmes use clinical criteria for classifying and selecting the appropriate treatment regimen for individual patients, particularly when skinsmear services are unavailable. The clinical system of classification uses the number of skin lesions and nerves involved to group patients into categories of either multibacillary leprosy or paucibacillary leprosy. Early detection of cases and treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) remain the key strategies in reducing the burden of disease due to leprosy. MDT also shortens the duration of infectivity and thereby reduces the risk of further transmission to healthy individuals in the community. Three decades ago, large numbers of cases requiring MDT were reported from more than 122 countries and over these years some 16 million patients were cured. MDT has been made available free of charge to all in need through WHO for the past 20 years, thanks to the creation of global MDT funds by Mr Sasakawa and the Nippon Foundation (1995–2000) followed by the donation of MDT by Novartis and the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development (since 2000). WHO has twice updated the global leprosy strategy since 2006, focusing on strategies to further reduce the burden of the disease in consultation with national programmes of Member States, partner organizations and donor agencies. Detection of all cases in a community and completion of prescribed treatment using MDT are the basic tenets of the enhanced global strategy. Investment case L eprosy remains one of the most stigmatized of the diseases of the poor. 1 Recent evidence from the Islamic Republic of Iran confirms the persistence of the gap between rich and poor and of social stigmatization. 2 In at least one part of Brazil, a higher relative risk of leprosy has been associated with higher levels of inequality 3 In 2006, the second edition of the Disease Control Priorities Project put the cost per DALY averted by case detection and treatment at less than US$ 50. The pharmaceutical industry has committed an unlimited number of treatments to overcome the disease. From the health system perspective, therefore, treatment is more cost-effective than ever. The economic evaluation of leprosy
Page 1:
INVESTING TO OVERCOME THE GLOBAL IM
Page 4 and 5:
ii THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TR
Page 6 and 7:
iv THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TR
Page 8:
vi THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TR
Page 11 and 12:
*** FOREWORD ix FOREWORD BY THE DIR
Page 13 and 14:
*** EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi EXECUTIVE
Page 15 and 16:
*** EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii for the
Page 17 and 18:
*** EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xv Neglected
Page 19 and 20:
*** THE RESOLUTION AND THE ROADMAP
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
*** INVESTING TOWARDS UNIVERSAL COV
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
*** KEY INTERVENTIONS: SITUATION RE
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 69 I
Page 89 and 90:
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 71 I
Page 91 and 92:
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 73 p
Page 93 and 94: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 75 4
Page 95 and 96: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 77 E
Page 97 and 98: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 79 T
Page 101 and 102: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 83 I
Page 103 and 104: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 85 A
Page 105 and 106: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 87 F
Page 109 and 110: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 91 F
Page 117 and 118: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 99 M
Page 119 and 120: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 101
Page 143: *** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 125
Page 195 and 196:
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 177
Page 197 and 198:
*** ANNEXES 179 ANNEXES
Page 199 and 200:
*** ANNEXES 181 Annex 1a (cont’d)
Page 201 and 202:
*** ANNEXES 183 WHA66.12 Recognizin
Page 203 and 204:
*** ANNEXES 185 WHA66.12 3. REQUEST
Page 205 and 206:
*** ANNEXES 187 Annex 3. Classifica
Page 207 and 208:
*** ANNEXES 189 Annex 5. Medicines
Page 209:
*** ANNEXES 191 WHO REGIONAL OFFICE
show all

1A9bnbK

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?