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104 THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES *** _____________________ REFERENCES 1. Giacani L, Lukehart SA. The endemic treponematoses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:89–115. 2. Four decades of achievements: highlights of the work of WHO. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988. 3. Perine PL, Hopkins DR, St John RK, Niemel PLA, Causse G, Antal GM. Handbook of endemic treponematoses: yaws, endemic syphilis and pinta. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1984. 4. Meheus AZ, Narain JP, Asiedu KB. Endemic treponematoses. In: Cohen J, Powderly SM, Opal WG, editors. Infectious diseases, 3rd ed. London: Mosby Elsevier; 2010:1106–9. 5. Mitja O, Lukehart SA, Pokowas G, Moses P, Kapa A, Godornes C et al. Haemophilus ducreyi as a cause of skin ulcers in children from a yaws-endemic area of Papua New Guinea: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e235–241. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70019-1. 6. Ayove T, Houniei W, Wangnap R, Bieb SV, Kazadi W, Luke LN et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid point-of-care test for active yaws: a comparative study. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;e415-21. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70231-1. 7. Pillay A, Chen CY, Reynolds MG, Mombouli JV, Castro AC, Louvouezo D et al. Laboratory-confirmed case of yaws in a 10-year-old boy from the Republic of the Congo. Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:4013–5. doi:10.1128/JCM.01121-11. 8. Chen CY, Chi KH, Pillay A, Nachamkin E, Su JR, Ballard RC. Detection of the A2058G and A2059G 23S rRNA gene point mutations associated with azithromycin resistance in Treponema pallidum by use of a TaqMan real-time multiplex PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:908–13. doi:10.1128/JCM.02770-12. 9. Eradication of yaws – the Morges strategy. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87:189–94. 10. Yaws eradication campaign in Nsukka division, eastern Nigeria – a preliminary review. Bull World Health Organ. 1956;15:911–35. 11. Asiedu K, Fitzpatrick C, Jannin J. Eradication of yaws: historical efforts and achieving WHO’s 2020 target. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e3016. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003016.
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 105 4.7 Foodborne trematodiases Introduction Foodborne trematodiases are a group of helminth infections acquired by ingesting food contaminated with metacercariae, the larval stages of each relevant worm. The diseases associated with the highest public-health burden are clonorchiasis (caused by infection with Clonorchis sinensis), opisthorchiasis (infection with Opisthorchis viverrini or O. felineus), eus), fascioliasis (infection with Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica) and paragonimiasis (infection with Paragonimus spp.). All such diseases have complex life-cycles entailing intermediate e and reservoir hosts (Table 4.7.1). Table 4.7.1 Epidemiological characteristics of the most common foodborne trematodiases Disease Infectious agent Acquired through consumption of Natural final host Clonorchiasis Clonorchis sinensis Fish Dogs and other fi sh-eating carnivores Opisthorchiasis Opisthorchis viverrini; O. felineus Fish Cats and other fi sh-eating carnivores Fascioliasis Fasciola hepatica; F. gigantica Vegetables Sheep, cattle and other herbivores Paragonimiasis Paragonimus spp. Crustacea (crabs and crayfi sh) Cats, dogs and other crustacean-eating carnivores Primary organ affected Liver Liver Liver Lungs Investment case Information on the economic burden of foodborne trematodiases is scarce. Livestock and aquaculture industries are clearly affected, with losses in animal production and trade. Although estimates are not currently available, the cost of these losses is expected to be significant. Investment targets for veterinary public-health interventions may be included in updates to the analyses contained in Chapter 2 of this report.
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*** FOREWORD ix FOREWORD BY THE DIR
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*** ANNEXES 179 ANNEXES
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*** ANNEXES 181 Annex 1a (cont’d)
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*** ANNEXES 183 WHA66.12 Recognizin
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*** ANNEXES 185 WHA66.12 3. REQUEST
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*** ANNEXES 187 Annex 3. Classifica
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*** ANNEXES 189 Annex 5. Medicines
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*** ANNEXES 191 WHO REGIONAL OFFICE
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