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148 THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES *** Research priorities Despite the enormous progress made in eliminating river blindness during the past decades, the need remains for new diagnostic tools to refine mapping and for improved evaluation and surveillance activities. Research priorities should focus also on better understanding the epidemiology of the disease and in developing more effective interventions to address the challenges in areas where loiasis is co-endemic and in conflict and post-conflict zones (10). _____________________ REFERENCES 1. Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: verification by WHO of elimination of onchocerciasis in Colombia. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88:381–8. 2. WHO declares Ecuador free of onchocerciasis [web release]. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/onchocerciasis_ecuador/ en/; accessed October 2014. 3. Brazil and Venezuela sign agreement to accelerate cross-border interventions and interrupt transmission of onchocerciasis [web release]. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/onchocerciasis_brazil_venezuela/en/; accessed July 2014. 4. African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: meeting of national onchocerciasis task forces, September 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88:533–44. 5. Katabarwa MN, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Lakwo TL, Agunyo S, Oguttu DW et al. Transmission of onchocerciasis in Wadelai focus of North-western Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. J Parasitol Res. 2012:748540. doi.10.1155/2012/748540. 6. Lakwo TL, Garms R, Rubaale T, Katabarwa M, Walsh F. Habomugisha P et al. The disappearance of onchocerciasis from the Itwara focus, western Uganda after elimination of the vector Simulium neavei and 19 years of annual ivermectin treatments. Acta Trop. 2013;126:218–21. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.016. 7. Traoré MO, Sarr MD, Badji A, Bissan Y, Diawara L, Doumbia K et al. Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis;2012:6:e1825. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001825. 8. Higazi TB, Zarroug IMA, Mohamed HA, Elmubark WA, Deran TCM, Aziz N et al. Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu Hamed focus, Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:51–7. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0112. 9. Meeting of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication, January 2014. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2014;89:153–60. 10. Lustigman S, Prichard RK, Gazzinelli A, Grant WN, Boatin BA, McCarthy JS et al. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1582:1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001582.
*** THE DISEASES − CHAPTER 4 149 4.13 Rabies Introduction Rabies is an infectious viral disease that is almost always fatal following the onset of clinical signs. In more than 99% of human cases, the rabies virus is transmitted by domestic dogs (1). Human rabies is 100% preventable through timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis to victims who have been exposed through the bite of a rabid animal. Elimination at source is feasible through mass vaccination of domestic dog populations (1). Prevention of human rabies and control of canine rabies have been successful in North America, Western Europe and a number of Asian and Latin American countries (1). The Resolution recognizes human rabies of canine origin and supports the Roadmap’s targets for elimination in Latin America (2015) and in South-East Asia (2020) discussed below. WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control are collaborating to eliminate human rabies of canine origin (2). In 2013, FAO, OIE and WHO announced their unified aims of eliminating human rabies and controlling the disease in animals (3); together, the tripartite is raising awareness of and commitment to overcoming this persistent zoonosis. As with other NTDs, community engagement is critical to achieve and sustain effective delivery of rabies interventions. Those interventions that hamper community engagement, notably indiscriminate culling of dogs, are not only ineffective at controlling rabies but also generate antagonism and suspicion among communities and compromise dog vaccination efforts. Where control programmes have been successfully implemented, investments and effort have been made to ensure community engagement; for example, by creating community-based rabies action groups (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) and mobilizing community volunteers on a large scale to implement dog vaccination campaigns (Philippines).
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