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162 THIRD WHO REPORT ON NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES<br />

***<br />

Investment targets for preventive chemotherapy against soil-transmitted<br />

helminthiases (delivery excluding medicines), 2015–2030<br />

200<br />

Constant US$ millions<br />

150<br />

100<br />

●<br />

50<br />

0<br />

2015<br />

2020<br />

Year<br />

2025<br />

2030<br />

Notes: Shaded areas reflect the range determined by low and high values of the unit cost benchmarks; they do<br />

not reflect uncertainty about future rates of scale-up and scale-down of interventions. The dots in 2012 are actual<br />

numbers reported (when available) multiplied by the unit cost benchmarks; these are not actual expenditures, but<br />

can be thought of as a benchmark for actual expenditures. All numbers expressed in US$ are constant (real) US$,<br />

adjusted to reflect purchasing power in the United States of America in 2015.<br />

As work continues on the third edition of the Disease Control Priorities Project, WHO is<br />

working also on an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of integrated preventive chemotherapy for<br />

helminth elimination and control.<br />

_____________________<br />

1<br />

Bundy DAP, Walson JL, Watkins KL. Worms, wisdom, and wealth: why deworming can make economic sense. Trends<br />

Parasitol. 2013;29:142–8. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.003.<br />

2<br />

Replication of ‘Worms: identifying impacts on education and health’. (http://www.3ieimpact.org/en/evaluation/impactevaluation-replication-programme/replication-worms-identifying-impacts-education-and-health/;<br />

accessed October 2014).<br />

3<br />

Croke K. The long run effects of early childhood deworming on literacy and numeracy: evidence from Uganda. Harvard<br />

School of Public Health: Department of Global Health and Population; 2014 (http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kcroke/files/<br />

ug_lr_deworming_071714.pdf; accessed October 2014).<br />

4<br />

Ngui R, Lim YAL, Chong Kin L, Sek Chuen C, Jaffar S. Association between anaemia, iron deficiency anaemia, neglected<br />

parasitic infections and socioeconomic factors in rural children of West Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1550.<br />

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001550.<br />

5<br />

Fonseca EOL, Teixeira MG, Barreto ML, Carmo EH, Costa M da CN. [Prevalence and factors associated with geohelminth<br />

infections in children living in municipalities with low HDI in North and Northeast Brazil]. Cad Saúde Pública.<br />

2010;26:143–52.<br />

6<br />

Schmidlin T, Hürlimann E, Silué KD, Yapi RB, Houngbedji C, Kouadio BA et al. Effects of hygiene and defecation<br />

behavior on helminths and intestinal protozoa infections in Taabo, Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS One. 2013;8:e65722.<br />

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065722.

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