Cockroache; Ecology, behavior & history - W.J. Bell

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112 COCKROACHES Fig. 6.15 Schematic of the number and position of spermathecae and spermathecal openings in representative cockroaches. (A) Blattinae, Polyzosteriinae; (B) Lamproblatta; (C) Cryptocercus; (D) Polyphaga (left), Arenivaga (right); (E) Anaplecta sp. A, B; (F) Anaplecta sp. C; (G) Pseudophyllodromiinae (except Supella); (H) Supella, Pseudomops; (I) Ectobiinae, Blattellinae (except Pseudomops, Xestoblatta); (J) Nyctibora; (K) Blaberidae. Area above the dashed line represents the dorsal wall of the genital chamber, area below the dashed line represents the ventral wall of the genital chamber. Shaded portions of the spermathecae are sclerotized areas. (A) to (E) have primary spermathecae only; (F) has both primary and secondary spermathecae; (G) to (K) have secondary spermathecae only. After Klass (1995), from data in McKittrick (1964), with permission of K.-D. Klass.
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Cockroaches
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Cockroaches ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND
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To the families, friends, and colle
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Contents Foreword, by Edward O. Wil
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Foreword Let the lowly cockroach cr
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Preface The study of roaches may la
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colidae, Blattidae, Blattellidae, a
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Cockroaches
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ONE Shape, Color, and Size many a c
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Fig. 1.1 Variations in pronotal mor
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Fig. 1.3 Species of Prosoplecta tha
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1994). Males of Macropanesthia are
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Fig. 1.7 Male (left) and female Sup
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Fig. 1.11 Mechanisms of cockroach d
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Fig. 1.14 Female of the wood-boring
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Fig. 1.18 Male of the Western Austr
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TWO Locomotion: Ground, Water, and
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There is some concern over gangs of
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Fig. 2.4 Oxygen consumption while r
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Head-Raising (Blaberus craniifer) I
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Fig. 2.10 Flight in Periplaneta ame
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cause they may act as parachutes, c
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Fig. 2.11 Phoretic female of Attaph
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Table 2.4. Extent of development of
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soma) granicollis are flattened and
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ut low-quality food has two potenti
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THREE Habitats Of no other type of
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Table 3.1. New World distribution a
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ightly colored Australian species i
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Fig 3.5 The number of individuals o
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these could range from a few millim
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Table 3.2. Examples of cockroaches
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sites in the clay wall of a terrari
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found in deserted termite mounds (R
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Fig. 3.8 Periplaneta sp. in a sewer
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Fig. 3.10 Distribution of Arenivaga
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when maintained in laboratory cultu
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Table 3.5. Studies in which cockroa
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FOUR Diets and Foraging Timid roach
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came scarce. Adults and larger nymp
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pregnant females of D. punctata, gu
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Table 4.3. Longevity of cockroaches
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Fig. 4.4 Beybienkoa sp., night fora
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children. At times they “bite sav
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Table 4.6. Conspecifics as food sou
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ported to take live victims. Both B
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MICROBES IN AND ON FOODSTUFFS Becau
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Fig. 5.2 Unidentified nymph feeding
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(Sibley, 1981). Even if a cockroach
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phae, and plant tissue (Lepschi, 19
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The most sophisticated pattern of n
Page 206: Bolker, 2003). The highly complex a
Page 210: SIX Mating Strategies The unfortuna
Page 214: occur once or twice a day” but gi
Page 218: tional sequence of acts (Bell et al
Page 222: higher degrees of heteroploidy. Gia
Page 226: mounting by the female. Nonetheless
Page 230: Table 6.2. Summary of sexual behavi
Page 234: sarily the path of nitrogen contain
Page 238: ization success. This may be accomp
Page 242: male of Eub. posticus “raises up
Page 246: 1987). In 12% of copulations of D.
Page 250: Fig. 6.14 (A) Sagittal section of t
Page 254: sequently incorporated it into thei
Page 260: Fig. 6.18 Inter- and intraspecific
Page 264: SEVEN Reproduction Be fruitful, and
Page 268: direct sunlight. In species that le
Page 272: considered ovoviviparous, should in
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Page 280: when maternal tissues became respon
Page 284: americana, and are thought to have
Page 288: hatching by nymphs increases when o
Page 292: One consequence of this variation i
Page 296: lated congener B. signata, however,
Page 300: unclear, however, whether the insec
Page 304: Table 8.2. Aggregation of cockroach
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Fig. 8.1 Aggregation of nymphs of C
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sexual partners. However, in a numb
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Fig. 8.2 Aposematically colored (da
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Fig. 8.5 Perisphaerus sp. from the
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adult male and a number of nymphs.
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Fig. 8.7 Nymphs of Cryptocercus pun
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NINE Termites as Social Cockroaches
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doubt that the evolution of eusocia
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posited in or near the hole, and ad
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these has a social component, in th
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Many behaviors shared by termites a
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incipient colonies (Scharf et al.,
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Fig. 9.8 Trophic shift model for tr
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sects, self-organization has been s
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make discrete classifications or di
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Fig. 10.2 Burrow of Macropanesthia
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1% (Leakey, 1987, Table 3). The rea
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450 nmol/g/h (Hackstein, 1996). On
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lattellids, from his 0.65 ha of rai
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Blaberoidea Otherwise unplaced: Neo
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Chemotaxis the directed reaction of
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Tibia (pl. tibiae) the fourth segme
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Alexander, R.D. 1974. The evolution
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American Cockroach. W.J. Bell and K
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Brossut, R. 1979. Gregarism in cock
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tems. Vol. 14. Ecosystems of the Wo
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B.J. Crespi, editors. Oxford Univer
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and Costa Rica. Transactions of the
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ing on biogenic amine levels in the
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Sciences to the Galapagos Islands,
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Canopy. Y. Basset, V. Novotny, S.E.
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USSR (Abstract). Izvestiya Akademii
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Mackerras, M.J. 1968b. Neolaxta mon
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munity: the price of immune system
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glands: novel structures involved i
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Rehn, J.A.G. 1931. African and Mala
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Roth, L.M. 1970a. Evolution and tax
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Roth, L.M., and E.R. Willis. 1955a.
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tion” detector, the cockroach’s
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Stout, J.D. 1974. Protozoa. In Biol
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Vidlička, L., and A. Huckova. 1993
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Whitehead, H. 1999. Testing associa
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Blaberus (continued) 51, 74; locomo
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Mastotermitidae, xii, 151, 161 mate
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termitophiles, 7, 13-14, 28, 52. Se
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