Cockroache; Ecology, behavior & history - W.J. Bell

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oaches on artificial and incomplete diets. Part 1. Journal of Experimental Biology. 6:360–386. Zabinski, J. 1936. Inconstancy of the number of moults during the post-embryonal development of certain Blattidae. Annales Musei Zoologici Polonici. 11:237–240. Zera, A.J., and R.F. Denno. 1997. Physiology and ecology of dispersal polymorphism in insects. Annual Review of Entomology. 42:207–231. Zervos, S. 1987. Notes on the size distribution of a New Zealand cockroach, Celatoblatta vulgaris. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 14:295–297. Zhang, J., A.M. Scrivener, M. Slaytor, and H.A. Rose. 1993. Diet and carbohydrase activities in three cockroaches, Calolampra elegans Roth and Princis, Geoscapheus dilatatus Saussure and Panesthia cribrata Saussure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 104A:155–161. Zhang, R., L.S. Chen, and J.T. Chang. 1990. Induction and isolation of an antibacterial peptide in Periplaneta americana. Acta Entomologica Sinica. 33:7–13. Zhou, X., F.M. Oi, and M.E. Scharf. 2006. Social exploitation of hexamerin: RNAi reveals a major caste-regulatory factor in termites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103:4499–4504. Zhu, D.H., and S. Tanaka. 2004a. Photoperiod and temperature affect the life cycle of a subtropical cockroach, Opisoplatia (sic) orientalis: seasonal pattern shaped by winter mortality. Physiological Entomology. 29:16–25. Zhu, D.H., and S. Tanaka. 2004b. Summer diapause and nymphal growth in a subtropical cockroach: response to changing photoperiod. Physiological Entomology. 29:78– 83. Zimmerman, R.B. 1983. Sibling manipulation and indirect fitness in termites. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 12:143–145. Zompro, O., and I. Fritzsche. 1999. Lucihormetica fenestrata n. gen., n. sp., the first record of luminescence in an orthopteroid insect (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae: Blaberinae: Brachycolini). Amazonia. 15:211–219. Zuk, M., and A.M. Stoehr. 2002. Immune defense and host life history. The American Naturalist. 160:S9–S22. Zunino, M. 1991. Food relocation behavior: a multivalent strategy of Coleoptera. In Advances in Coleopterology. M. Zunino, X. Belles, and M. Blas, editors. European Association of Coleopterology, Barcelona. 297–314. Zurek, L. 1997. The biotic associations of cockroaches—an aspect of cockroach success. Symbiosis News. 1:5. Zurek, L., and B.A. Keddie. 1996. Contribution of the colon and colonic bacterial flora to metabolism and development of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana L. Journal of Insect Physiology. 42:743–748. Zurek, L., and B.A. Keddie. 1998. Significance of methanogenic symbionts for development of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Journal of Insect Physiology. 44:645–651. REFERENCES 223
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Cockroaches
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Cockroaches ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND
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To the families, friends, and colle
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Contents Foreword, by Edward O. Wil
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Foreword Let the lowly cockroach cr
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Preface The study of roaches may la
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colidae, Blattidae, Blattellidae, a
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Cockroaches
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ONE Shape, Color, and Size many a c
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Fig. 1.1 Variations in pronotal mor
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Fig. 1.3 Species of Prosoplecta tha
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1994). Males of Macropanesthia are
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Fig. 1.7 Male (left) and female Sup
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Fig. 1.11 Mechanisms of cockroach d
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Fig. 1.14 Female of the wood-boring
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Fig. 1.18 Male of the Western Austr
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TWO Locomotion: Ground, Water, and
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There is some concern over gangs of
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Fig. 2.4 Oxygen consumption while r
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Head-Raising (Blaberus craniifer) I
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Fig. 2.10 Flight in Periplaneta ame
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cause they may act as parachutes, c
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Fig. 2.11 Phoretic female of Attaph
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Table 2.4. Extent of development of
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soma) granicollis are flattened and
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ut low-quality food has two potenti
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THREE Habitats Of no other type of
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Table 3.1. New World distribution a
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ightly colored Australian species i
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Fig 3.5 The number of individuals o
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these could range from a few millim
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Table 3.2. Examples of cockroaches
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sites in the clay wall of a terrari
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found in deserted termite mounds (R
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Fig. 3.8 Periplaneta sp. in a sewer
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Fig. 3.10 Distribution of Arenivaga
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when maintained in laboratory cultu
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Table 3.5. Studies in which cockroa
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FOUR Diets and Foraging Timid roach
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came scarce. Adults and larger nymp
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pregnant females of D. punctata, gu
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Table 4.3. Longevity of cockroaches
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Fig. 4.4 Beybienkoa sp., night fora
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children. At times they “bite sav
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Table 4.6. Conspecifics as food sou
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ported to take live victims. Both B
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MICROBES IN AND ON FOODSTUFFS Becau
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Fig. 5.2 Unidentified nymph feeding
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(Sibley, 1981). Even if a cockroach
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phae, and plant tissue (Lepschi, 19
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The most sophisticated pattern of n
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Bolker, 2003). The highly complex a
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SIX Mating Strategies The unfortuna
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occur once or twice a day” but gi
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tional sequence of acts (Bell et al
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higher degrees of heteroploidy. Gia
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mounting by the female. Nonetheless
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Table 6.2. Summary of sexual behavi
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sarily the path of nitrogen contain
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ization success. This may be accomp
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male of Eub. posticus “raises up
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1987). In 12% of copulations of D.
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Fig. 6.14 (A) Sagittal section of t
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sequently incorporated it into thei
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In those cockroaches that apparentl
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Fig. 6.19 Spermathecae of female Lo
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Table 7.1. Modes of reproduction in
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that her increased activity level i
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Table 7.2. Changes in wet weight, w
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maximum rate of yolk deposition (Ro
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Fig. 7.7 Diagram of presumed sequen
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Fig 7.8 Parasitism of cockroach egg
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Fig 7.10 Post-oviposition provision
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EIGHT Social Behavior The only usef
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them (Prokopy and Roitberg, 2001).
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gether freely in the laboratory (e.
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marked with bodily secretions (Pett
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In gregarious cockroaches, social f
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more humid environment that surroun
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Parental Care on the Body In severa
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clinging nymphs inside, rendering b
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easy-to-digest diet, thereby reliev
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feed (Reuben, 1988). At present, th
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Fig. 9.1 Phylogenetic tree of Dicty
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While cockroaches are known to prod
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unpubl. obs.). Building activity is
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from both decreased weight gain per
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Fig. 9.6 Scanning electron microgra
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Mastotermes (Fig. 9.7) is the only
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duction was suspended as adults fed
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TEN Ecological Impact Is there noth
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Fig. 10.1 Decomposition of logs by
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ecological significance in deserts
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the South American frog Phyllomedus
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oach guts, like termite guts (Ohkum
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The first and most obvious requirem
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Appendix Assignation of the cockroa
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Glossary Accessory gland a secretor
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Methanogens methane-producing bacte
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References Abbott, I., T. Burbidge,
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The grasshoppers and other Orthopte
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Florida. The Nature Publishing Comp
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Chopard, L. 1932. Un cas de micropt
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Darlington, J.P.E.C. 1995-1996. Gua
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Eisner, T. 1958. Spray mechanism of
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zation sociale chez quelques espece
Page 426: cockroach Periplaneta americana (Li
Page 430: Speleological Federation. L. Pearso
Page 434: diidae) in Eastern Kara Kum. Entomo
Page 438: oppement embryonnaire de Periplanet
Page 442: Cornell University Agricultural Exp
Page 446: on biology, distribution and biogeo
Page 450: canopy. Proceedings of the Entomolo
Page 454: e Poeciloderrhis verticalis (Burmei
Page 458: from western Australia. Records of
Page 462: Indigenous flora in cockroaches (Di
Page 466: Slaney, D.P., and P. Weinstein. 199
Page 470: Tinkham, E.R. 1948. Faunistic and e
Page 474: Watanabe, H., Y. Kobayashi, M. Saku
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Page 484: Blaberus (continued) 51, 74; locomo
Page 488: Mastotermitidae, xii, 151, 161 mate
Page 492: termitophiles, 7, 13-14, 28, 52. Se
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