Interim Report - TEEB

An outline of Phase II 58
Acknowledgements 60
Synopses of studies 63
BOXES
Box 1.1: Key terms 12
Box 2.1: Biofuels generate much debate 16
Box 2.2: Coral reefs 17
Box 2.3: Gender, poverty and biodiversity in Orissa, India 20
Box 2.4: The changing use of land and changing services 22
Box 2.5: Vicious cycle of poverty and environmental degradation: Haiti 24
Box 3.1: Mayan Forest Road Projects: market failure from information failure 27
Box 3.2: The effect of subsidies on fisheries 28
Box 3.3: Discounting and the optimist’s paradox 30
Box 3.4: GDP of the poor 31
Box 3.5: Putting it together – an example of a Cost of Policy Inaction study on biodiversity loss 34
Box 3.6: The multiple values of coral reefs 36
Box 4.1: Environmentally harmful subsidies 47
Box 4.2: Subsidies that distort trade 48
Box 4.3: Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica 49
Box 4.4: Experience with habitat banking, endangered species credits and biobanking 50
Box 4.5: Panama Canal reforestation 51
Box 4.6: The Vittel example 51
Box 4.7: Protected areas in Uganda 52
FIGURES
Figure 2.1: World commodity prices 15
Figure 2.2: Global trends in the state of marine stocks since 1974 16
Figure 2.3: Global biodiversity loss 2000-2050 and contribution of pressures 23
Figure 3.1: The link between biodiversity and the output of ecosystem services 32
Figure 3.2: Valuing ecosystem services 33
Figure 3.3: Establishing a scenario analysis 34
Figure 3.4: Proposed evaluation framework: contrasting appropriate states of the world 39
Figure 3.5: Ecosystem benefits from a protected forest, Madagascar 41
Figure 3.6: Ecosystem benefits to Greater London, UK 42
Figure 4.1: Land and water use of various foods 54
MAPS
Map 1.1: Environmental conflicts 13
Map 2.1: Plant species per ecoregion 19
Map 2.2: Agricultural returns 19
Map 2.3: Mean species abundance 1970 22
Map 2.4: Mean species abundance 2000 22
Map 2.5: Mean species abundance 2010 23
Map 2.6: Mean species abundance 2050 23
TABLES
Table 2.1: Ecosystem services and Millennium Development Goals: links and trade-offs 21
Table 3.1: Valuing a “biodiversity option” 29
Table 3.2: Discount rates and outcomes 30
Table 3.3: Projection of total benefits of carbon storage in European forests 36
Table 3.4: Results from studies on the costs of conservation 37
8 The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity