Australian Army Journal

GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Sexuality, Cohesion, Masculinity and
Combat Motivation: Designing Personnel
Policy to Sustain Capability
11 As articulated in Adaptive Campaigning - the Future Land Operating Concept.
12 J.R. Lightdale and D.A. Prentice, ‘Rethinking Sex Differences in Aggression: Aggressive
Behavior in the Absence of Social Roles’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 20,
No. 1, 1994, p. 34.
13 B.J. Carothers and H.T. Reis, ‘Men and women are from Earth: Examining the latent structure
of gender’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 104, No. 2, 2013, p. 385.
14 L.N. Rosen, P.D. Bliese, K.A. Wright and R.K. Gifford, ‘Gender composition and group cohesion
in U.S. Army units: A comparison across five studies’, Armed Forces and Society, Vol. 25, 1999.
15 Ministry of Defence, Report on the Review of the Exclusion of Women from Ground Close-
Combat Roles, London, 2010.
16 Berkshire Consultancy Ltd, Study of Women In Combat – Investigation of Qualitative Data,
Reading, 2009, pp. 30, 35, 63; Berkshire Consultancy Ltd, Study of Women In Combat –
Investigation of Quantitative Data, 2010.
17 In the cases of combat analysed in the study, none of the women were permanent members
of combat-arm, section-level mixed small teams selected against common physical standards.
Group dynamics factors were therefore possibly conflated by performance issues.
18 Berkshire Consultancy Ltd, Study of Women In Combat, 2009. It is worth noting that the
concerns about ‘stereotypical’ female behavior such as ‘flirting’ were raised by female soldiers
as well as males.
19 J. Keegan, A History of Warfare, Alfred Knopf, 1993, p. 226.
20 Browne, ‘The relevance of sex differences in risktaking to the military and the workplace’, p.139.
21 R. Holmes, Acts of war: The behavior of men in battle, Free Press, 1985, pp. 142–43.
22 D.L. Smith, The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War, St Martin’s
Griffin, New York, 2007, pp. 68–81.
23 R.J. Hannagan and H. Arrow, ‘Reengineering Gender Relations in Modern Militaries: An
Evolutionary Perspective’, Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2011, p. 308.
24 C. Burton, Women In The Australian Defence Force: Two Studies, Defence Publishing and
Visual Communications, Canberra, 1996, Section 4.4.
25 R.K. Dentan, ‘Nonkilling Social Arrangements’ in Nonkilling Societies, J.E. Pim (ed), Center for
Global Nonkilling, Honolulu, 2010, p. 150.
26 Hannagan and Arrow, ‘Reengineering Gender Relations in Modern Militaries’, pp. 309, 311.
27 M.J. Landau, et al., ‘The siren’s call: Terror management and the threat of men’s sexual attraction
to women’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 90, No. 1, 2006, p. 130.
28 R.W. Connell, Masculinities (2nd edn), University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2005.
29 M. Potts and T. Hayden, Sex and War: How Biology Explains Warfare and Terrorism and Offers
a Path to a Safer World, Benbella Books, US, 2010, pp. 39–67.
30 As demonstrated by over 250 experiments worldwide. See T. Pyszczynski et al., ‘Mortality
Salience, Martyrdom, and Military Might: The Great Satan Versus the Axis of Evil’, Personality
and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 4, April 2006, p. 526.
31 R. Wrangham and D. Peterson, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence,
Mariner, New York, 1996.
32 D. Albert, M. Walsh and R. Jonik, ‘Aggression in humans: what is its biological foundation?’,
Neuroscience Biobehaviour Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1993.
Australian Army Journal
Culture edition 2013, Volume X, Number 3 Page 75