Australian Army Journal

GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Sexuality, Cohesion, Masculinity and
Combat Motivation: Designing Personnel
Policy to Sustain Capability
55 K. Williams, Love my Rifle more than you: Young and Female in the US Army, WW Norton & Co,
2005.
56 Browne, ‘The relevance of sex differences in risktaking to the military and the workplace’, p. 195.
57 Sadler et al. cited in Hannagan and Arrow, Reengineering Gender Relations in Modern
Militaries, p. 316.
58 B.I. Strassmann et al., ‘Religion as a means to assure paternity’, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, 2012, p. 9781.
59 D.S. Nagin and G. Pogarsky, ‘Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and Extralegal Sanction Threats
into a Model of General Deterrence: Theory and Evidence’, Criminology, Vol. 39, 2001, p. 865.
60 M.E. McCullough and B.L.B. Willoughby, ‘Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control:
Associations, Explanations, and Implications’, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 135, 2009, p. 69.
61 I. Palmer, ‘Sexuality and Soldiery, Combat & Condoms, Continence & Cornflakes’, Journal of
the Royal Army Medical Corps, Vol. 149, 2003, p. 45.
62 Pregnancy policy is beyond the scope of this article except to note the potentially anti-cohesive
effects of flawed policy settings. A constant and tangible complaint among those opposing
integration in the US is that under the Congressionally–mandated conditions, pregnancy
offers women a choice to avoid or return from a deployment that is not available to men.
Controversially, Private Cristie Oliver openly used this to avoid a further tour of Iraq. See
Browne, ‘The relevance of sex differences in risktaking to the military and the workplace’.
63 L.D. Lindberg, ‘Unintended pregnancy among women in the US military’, Contraception,
Vol. 84, 2011, p. 251.
64 K.R. Browne, The Report of the Military Leadership Diversity Commission: An Inadequate Basis
for Lifting the Exclusion of Women from Direct Ground Combat, Wayne State University Law
School, Detroit, 2012, p. 25.
65 Browne, ‘The relevance of sex differences in risktaking to the military and the workplace’, p. 195.
66 T.S. Jenson, Soldier rape, our own worst enemy: the effects of deployment, sex ratios, and
military branch on the sexual assault of active duty women in the us military, University of
Oklahoma, 2011.
67 V. von Sadovszky et al., ‘Army Women’s Reasons for Condom Use and Nonuse’, Women’s
Health Issues, Vol. 18, No, 3, 2008. pp. 174–80.
68 Z. A. Kramer, ‘Heterosexuality and Military Service’, Northwestern University Law Review,
Vol. 104, 2010, p. 353.
69 V. Goyal, S. Borrero and E.B. Schwarz, ‘Unintended pregnancy and contraception among
active-duty servicewomen and veterans’, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
Vol. 206, 2012, p. 464.
70 S.P. Rosen, War and Human Nature, Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. 71–80.
71 C.J. Thomsen, V.A. Stander, S.K. McWhorter, M.M. Rabenhorst and J.S. Milner, ‘Effects
of combat deployment on risky and self-destructive behavior among active duty military
personnel’, Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 45, 2011, p. 1330.
72 ‘War effect’, the sexually disinhibiting effect of the prospect of death, separation from family and
uncertainty, is the central theme in J. Costello, Love, Sex and War: Changing Values 1939-45,
Pan Books, 1985.
73 Rosen, War and Human Nature, pp. 71–80.
74 L.E. Sekerka, J.D. McCarthy and R.P. Bagozzi in Moral Courage in Organizations: Doing the
Right Thing at Work, Debra R. Comer and Gina Vega (eds), ME Sharpe, 2011, pp. 137–39.
Australian Army Journal
Culture edition 2013, Volume X, Number 3 Page 77