Working with the Unix OS

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Introduction to Unix 1. INTRODUCTION TO UNIX Brief History The Unix system was developed by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T. It is written in the C language and it entails many simple powerful concepts such as - simple homogeneous file system - devices & files treated the same - pipes - turn programs into building blocks - powerful shell command language - on-line manuals The system is designed as a program development environment, not a commercial data processing operation system Earlier Versions of the system include: - Version 6 Unix -early 70s -very cheap for Universities - Version 7 Unix -dominated the research world - Berkeley Unix 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 -fast file system, sockets, symbolic links - AT&T System V 4.2 -file locking for data bases - Networking & Remote mounted file systems Unix Survival commands ! Login & Logout login user_name password enter with noecho exit logout passwd to change password ! File manipulation cat more mv rm cp cp output file scroll file rename file remove file copy file copy file to directory ! Working with files ls mkdir rmdir cd pwd ! Printing lp or lpr lpstat or lpq list directory make directory remove directory change working directory display working directory print files status of line printer queue ! Compilation cc C compiler cc -o name name.c compiles the program in "name.c", creates an executable program file in "name" lint name.c check C programs scrupulously ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UBUNTU: splint Usage: splint fileName ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1
Introduction to Unix ! Execution mame a.out executes program in file "name" default from cc if -0 not used Command Shells command interpreter programming languages accepts commands while logged in shell scripts sh Bourne Shell the original csh C Shell C-like interpretive language ksh Korn Shell includes all of Bourne shell tcsh Enhanced C Shell completely compatible to the C Shell Help on-line manuals for commands man ls ls manual man man manual man man for any command man -k keyword search in description Example: man -k write ( = apropos -ucb command) creat(2) create a new file or rewrite an existing one ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UBUNTU, SOLARIS: touch Usage: touch ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ fread, fwrite(3S) lseek(2) rwall(lM) rwall(3N) wall(1M) write(1) write, writev(2) buffered binary input/output to a stream file move read/write file pointer; seek write to all users over a network write to specified remote machines write to all users write (talk) to another user write on a file File Permissions Example: ls -1 myfile 0123456789 L User Group Size Last-Updated File-Name -rwxrwxrwx 1 fred student 2134 Feb 17 14:05 myfile where: L: number of links 0: type of file {"-": ordinary, "d": directory} 123: owner (user) rights 456: group rights 789: world (others) rights More specifically, the access rights when applied to files or directories are: Files Directories 147 = "r" read read file names (ls) 258 = "w" write create/delete files (cp, rm) 369 = "x" execute access files in sub-directory (called search permission) 2
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Page 3: Figure 27. Driver Entry Points.....
Page 7 and 8: Introduction to Unix It works in th
Page 9 and 10: Introduction to Unix * matches 0 or
Page 11 and 12: Introduction to Unix vi file-name s
Page 13 and 14: Introduction to Unix 1,$s/^/>>/ 1,$
Page 15 and 16: Introduction to Unix ! Special Devi
Page 17 and 18: Introduction to Unix Working with F
Page 19 and 20: Introduction to Unix ! Communicatio
Page 21 and 22: Unix Shells 2. UNIX SHELLS Back Quo
Page 23 and 24: Unix Shells ! CASE Statement case t
Page 25 and 26: Unix Shells two lines !Y@Y@Z@Z@ZY c
Page 27 and 28: Unix Shells if $append then tee -a
Page 29 and 30: C Programming - Basics main() { int
Page 31 and 32: C Programming - Basics e.g. i += 2
Page 33 and 34: External Variables A C program cons
Page 35 and 36: C Programming - Basics main.c #incl
Page 37 and 38: C Programming - Basics default: pri
Page 39 and 40: C Programming - Basics struct tnode
Page 41 and 42: Unix Tools 4. UNIX TOOLS Tools of t
Page 43 and 44: Unix Tools Korn shell ! .profile HI
Page 45 and 46: Unix Tools grep "$name" $PHONEBOOK
Page 47 and 48: Unix Tools awk '$3 > 0 { print $1,
Page 49 and 50: Unix Tools END { print max, maxline
Page 51 and 52: Unix Tools Let an example input fil
Page 53 and 54: Unix Tools Brown eqn 1 # output Jon
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Development Tools Make looks at the
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Development Tools /* compute size o
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Development Tools #endif #line cons
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Development Tools 1.1 5 lines Retri
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Development Tools In Emacs, you may
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Development Tools */ %{ #define YYS
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C Libraries 6. C LIBRARIES Input an
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C Libraries } while (!feof(fp1)) pu
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C Libraries } free(p); /* what is w
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C Libraries } if ((fp->flag&( _READ
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C Libraries /* dirwalk: apply fcn t
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C Libraries } switch (pid=fork()){
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C Libraries What is curses? - libra
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C Libraries } if ((fd=fopen(argv[1]
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Introduction to kernel 7. INTRODUCT
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82 Introduction to kernel Programs
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Introduction to kernel } { printf("
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Introduction to kernel The kernel r
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Introduction to kernel UNIX Interna
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Introduction to kernel File System
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Introduction to kernel Every proces
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Processes I Process States 1. Execu
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Processes I } printf("%d %s\n", cnt
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Processes I dup (and other similar
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Processes I The u area contains - p
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Processes I The Context of a Proces
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Processes I Process Control use and
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Processes I Although the processes
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Processes I Handling Signals - proc
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Processes I USER=neville PATH=/user
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Processes I ! Shadow Password /etc/
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struct timeval { long tv_sec; /* se
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Processes I F_SETFL set status flag
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Processes I process is the child pr
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Processes I Rules about sharing of
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Processes II 9. PROCESSES (II) FORK
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Processes II /* background.c */ #in
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Processes II } while (1){ printf("p
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Processes II } /* child */ signal (
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Processes II int readline(int fd, c
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Processes II { } char process_name[
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Processes II - Pipe in a single pro
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Processes II System V IPC - message
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Processes II int msgctl(int msqid,
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Processes II For every semop operat
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Processes II /* client loop */ mesg
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I/O Subsystem Drivers frequently sl
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I/O Subsystem Terminal Drivers - In
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I/O Subsystem Canonical Mode algori
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I/O Subsystem Raw Mode Raw mode is
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Figure 43. Pushing a Module onto a
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Interprocess Communication } { ptra
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Interprocess Communication T ID KEY
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Interprocess Communication }; int m
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Interprocess Communication for (i=0
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Interprocess Communication /* struc
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Interprocess Communication ! Compar
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… connect(sockfd,(struct sockaddr
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Interprocess Communication Address
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Process Scheduling Page Tables and
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Figure 49. Tie breaker rule Process
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Process Scheduling Clock - restart
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Process Scheduling Figure 57. Mappi
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Figure 62. Sequence of Swapping Ope
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Buffer Cache The kernel takes buffe
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Buffer Cache The kernel places the
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Buffer Cache Process B will find th
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Unix Administration 14. UNIX ADMINI
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Unix Administration Example output
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Unix Administration *) IN=-mtime -2
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Unix Administration Load /Unix kern
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Unix Administration for (i=0; i&i d
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Unix Administration fi done echo $s
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Unix Administration New Software !
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Unix Security Example: group name:g
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Unix Security $ crypt < exam320.Z >
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Unix Security - exported filesystem
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Unix Security system(cmdstr); $ ech
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Unix Security - repairs damaged use
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