International Energy Outlook 2011 - EIA

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U.S. Energy Information Administration | International Energy Outlook 2011 Highlights Contributing to the strong competitive position of natural gas among other energy sources is a strong growth outlook for reserves and supplies. Significant changes in natural gas supplies and global markets occur with the expansion of liquefied natural gas (LNG) production capacity and as new drilling techniques and other efficiencies make production from many shale basins economical worldwide. The net impact is a significant increase in resource availability, which contributes to lower prices and higher demand for natural gas in the projection. Although the extent of the world’s unconventional natural gas resources—tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane—have not yet been assessed fully, the IEO2011 Reference case projects a substantial increase in those supplies, especially from the United States but also from Canada and China. An initial assessment of shale gas resources in 32 countries was released by EIA in April 2011. 6 The report found that technically recoverable shale gas resources in the assessed shale gas basins and the United States amount to 6,622 trillion cubic feet. To put the shale gas resource estimate in perspective, according to the Oil & Gas Journal 7 world proven reserves of natural gas as of January 1, 2011, are about 6,675 trillion cubic feet, and world technically recoverable gas resources— largely excluding shale gas—are roughly 16,000 trillion cubic feet. Rising estimates of shale gas resources have helped to increase total U.S. natural gas reserves by almost 50 percent over the past decade, and shale gas rises to 47 percent of U.S. natural gas production in 2035 in the IEO2011 Reference case. Adding production of tight gas and coalbed methane, U.S. unconventional natural gas production rises from 10.9 trillion cubic feet in 2008 to 19.8 trillion cubic feet in 2035. Unconventional natural gas resources are even more important for the future of domestic gas supplies in Canada and China, where they account for 50 percent and 72 percent of total domestic production, respectively, in 2035 in the Reference case (Figure 4). World natural gas trade, both by pipeline and by shipment in the form of LNG, is poised to increase in the future. Most of the projected increase in LNG supply comes from the Middle East and Australia, where a number of new liquefaction projects are expected to become operational within the next decade. Additionally, several LNG export projects have been proposed for western Canada, and there are also proposals to convert underutilized LNG import facilities in the United States to liquefaction and export facilities for domestically sourced natural gas. In the IEO2011 Reference case, world liquefaction capacity more than doubles, from about 8 trillion cubic feet in 2008 to 19 trillion cubic feet in 2035. In addition, new pipelines currently under construction or planned will increase natural gas exports from Africa to European markets and from Eurasia to China. Coal In the absence of national policies and/or binding international agreements that would limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions, world coal consumption is projected to increase from 139 quadrillion Btu in 2008 to 209 quadrillion Btu in 2035, at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent. Regional growth rates are uneven, with little growth in coal consumption in OECD nations but robust growth in non-OECD nations, particularly among the Asian economies (Figure 5). Strong economic growth and large domestic coal reserves in China and India lead to a substantial increase in their coal use for electric power and industrial processes. Installed coal-fired generating capacity in China nearly doubles in the Reference case from 2008 to 2035, and coal use in China’s industrial sector grows by 67 percent. The development of China’s electric power and Figure 4. Natural gas production in China, Canada, and the United States, 2008 and 2035 (trillion cubic feet) 30 20 10 0 2008 2035 2008 2035 2008 2035 China Canada United States Unconventional (tight gas, shale gas, coalbed methane) Conventional (all other gas) Figure 5. World coal consumption by region, 1990-2035 (quadrillion Btu) History 2008 Projections Rest of world 0 1990 2000 2008 2015 2025 2035 6 U.S. Energy Information Administration, World Shale Gas Resources: An Initial Assessment of 14 Regions Outside the United States (Washington, DC, April 2011), website www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/index.cfm#7. 7 “Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production,” Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 106, No. 47 (December 6, 2010), pp. 46-49, website www.ogj.com (subscription site), adjusted with the EIA release of proved reserve estimates as of December 31, 2010. 150 100 50 Non-OECD Asia OECD 3
4 Highlights industrial sectors will require not only large-scale infrastructure investments but also substantial investment in both coal mining and coal transportation infrastructure. In India, coal-fired generating capacity rises from 99 gigawatts in 2008 to 172 gigawatts in 2035, a 72-percent increase, while industrial sector coal use grows by 94 percent. Electricity World net electricity generation increases by 84 percent in the IEO2011 Reference case, from 19.1 trillion kilowatthours in 2008 to 25.5 trillion kilowatthours in 2020 and 35.2 trillion kilowatthours in 2035. Although the 2008-2009 global economic recession slowed the rate of growth in electricity use in 2008 and resulted in negligible change in electricity use in 2009, demand returned in 2010, led by strong recoveries in non-OECD economies. In general, in OECD countries, where electricity markets are well established and consumption patterns are mature, the growth of electricity demand is slower than in non-OECD countries, where a large amount of potential demand remains unmet. Total net electricity generation in non-OECD countries increases by an average of 3.3 percent per year in the Reference case, led by non-OECD Asia (including China and India), where annual increases average 4.0 percent from 2008 to 2035. In contrast, net generation among OECD nations grows by an average of 1.2 percent per year from 2008 to 2035. In many parts of the world, concerns about security of energy supplies and the environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions have spurred government policies that support a projected increase in renewable energy sources. As a result, renewable energy sources are the fastest growing sources of electricity generation in the IEO2011 Reference case at 3.1 percent per year from 2008 to 2035 (Figure 6). Natural gas is the second fastest growing generation source, increasing by 2.6 percent per year. An increase in unconventional natural gas resources, particularly in North America but elsewhere as well, helps keep global markets well supplied and prices competitive. Future generation from renewables, natural gas, and to a lesser extent nuclear power largely displaces coal-fired generation, although coal remains the largest source of world electricity through 2035. More than 82 percent of the increase in renewable generation is in the form of hydroelectric power and wind power. The contribution of wind energy, in particular, has grown swiftly over the past decade, from 18 gigawatts of net installed capacity at the end of 2000 to 121 gigawatts at the end of 2008—a trend that continues into the future. Of the 4.6 trillion kilowatthours of new renewable generation added over the projection period, 2.5 trillion kilowatthours (55 percent) is attributed to hydroelectric power and 1.3 trillion kilowatthours (27percent) to wind. The majority of the hydroelectric growth (85 percent) occurs in the non-OECD countries, while a slight majority of wind generation growth (58 percent) occurs in the OECD. High construction costs can make the total cost to build and operate renewable generators higher than those for conventional plants. The intermittence of wind and solar, in particular, can further hinder the economic competitiveness of those resources, as they are not operator-controlled and are not necessarily available when they would be of greatest value to the system. However, improving battery storage technology and dispersing wind and solar generating facilities over wide geographic areas could mitigate many of the problems associated with intermittency over the projection period. Electricity generation from nuclear power worldwide increases from 2.6 trillion kilowatthours in 2008 to 4.9 trillion kilowatthours in 2035 in the IEO2011 Reference case, as concerns about energy security and greenhouse gas emissions support the development of new nuclear generating capacity. In addition, world average capacity utilization rates have continued to rise over time, from about 65 percent in 1990 to about 80 percent today, with some increases still anticipated in the future. There is still considerable uncertainty about the future of nuclear power, and a number of issues could slow the development of new nuclear power plants. Issues related to plant safety, radioactive waste disposal, and proliferation of nuclear materials continue Figure 6. World net electricity generation by fuel type, 2008-2035 (trillion kilowatthours) 40 30 20 10 0 Coal Natural gas Hydropower Nuclear 2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 Renewables Liquids 2035 to raise public concerns in many countries and may hinder plans for new installations. High capital and maintenance costs also may keep some countries from expanding their nuclear power programs. In addition, a lack of trained labor resources, as well as limited global manufacturing capacity for certain components, could keep national nuclear programs from advancing quickly. Finally, although the long-term implications of the disaster at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant for world nuclear power development are unknown, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy have already announced plans to phase out or cancel all their existing and future reactors. Those plans, and new policies that other countries may adopt in response to the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, although not reflected in the IEO2011 projections, indicate that some reduction in the projection for nuclear power should be expected. In the Reference case, 75 percent of the world expansion in installed nuclear power capacity occurs in non-OECD countries (Figure 7). China, Russia, and India account for the U.S. Energy Information Administration | International Energy Outlook 2011
Page 2 and 3: Contacts The International Energy O
Page 4 and 5: U.S. Energy Information Administrat
Page 6 and 7: Contents Highlights ...............
Page 8 and 9: Figures (continued) U.S. Energy Inf
Page 10 and 11: Highlights In the IEO2011 Reference
Page 16 and 17: levels of income and fossil fuel us
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1 World energy demand and e
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2 Liquid fuels Overview Con
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U.S. Energy Information Administrat
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References for natural gas Links cu
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Chapter 4 Coal Overview In the IEO2
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decline substantially over the proj
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demand for steel in both domestic a
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Table 9. World coal flows by import
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Europe, Middle East, and Africa In
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process could impede or delay those
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References for coal Links current a
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Mechel OAO Commences Construction o
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Chapter 5 Electricity Overview In t
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Chapter 6 Industrial sector energy
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References for industrial sector en
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Chapter 7 Transportation sector ene
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Chapter 8 Energy-related carbon dio
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Table 18. Average annual changes in
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Data Sources Links current as of Ju
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Appendix A Reference case projectio
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Table A1. World total primary energ
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Table A2. World total energy consum
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Table A4. World gross domestic prod
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Table A6. World natural gas consump
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Table A8. World nuclear energy cons
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Table A10. World carbon dioxide emi
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Table A12. World carbon dioxide emi
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Table A14. World population by regi
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Appendix B High Oil Price case proj
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Table B1. World total primary energ
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Table B4. World liquids consumption
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Table B6. World coal consumption by
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Table B8. World consumption of hydr
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Table B12. World carbon dioxide emi
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Appendix C Low Oil Price case proje
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Table C1. World total primary energ
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Table C4. World liquids consumption
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Table C6. World coal consumption by
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Table C8. World consumption of hydr
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Table C12. World carbon dioxide emi
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Appendix D Reference case projectio
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Reference case projections by end-u
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Appendix E Projections of liquid fu
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Projections of liquid fuels and oth
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Table E11. World conventional liqui
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Table E14. World conventional liqui
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Appendix F Reference case projectio
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Reference case projections for elec
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Appendix G Reference case projectio
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Table G1. World total natural gas p
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Table G3. World other natural gas p
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Appendix H Kaya Identity factor pro
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Table H1. World population by regio
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Table H3. World energy intensity by
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Appendix I Comparisons with Interna
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Comparisons with International Ener
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Appendix J Models used to generate
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Appendix K Regional definitions The
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International Energy Outlook 2011 - EIA

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