172 THE HEALTH BULLETIN.former are removed the feet are protectedby dry shoes which are nonconductors<strong>of</strong> he<strong>at</strong>, and therefore protectthe body.Even though the soles <strong>of</strong> the shoesare not completely wet so as to makethe best conductors <strong>of</strong> he<strong>at</strong>, the presence<strong>of</strong> a layer <strong>of</strong> wet le<strong>at</strong>her nextto the ground constitutes a refriger<strong>at</strong>ingappar<strong>at</strong>us which rapidly absorbshe<strong>at</strong>. Salt on the ice in an ice-creamfreezer causes the ice to melt andthereby abstracts the he<strong>at</strong> from theice-cream holder and causes the icecream in turn to freeze. <strong>The</strong> armycanteen is a metal holder for w<strong>at</strong>ersurrounded by a cotton or woolen cloth.By dipping the whole canteen in w<strong>at</strong>erthis cloth is made wet, and thenwhen hung in the air the w<strong>at</strong>er evapor<strong>at</strong>es,and in doing so becomes arefriger<strong>at</strong>ing appar<strong>at</strong>us causing thew<strong>at</strong>er within the canteen to becomecool and fit to drink. A similararrangement is very common in thewest, and possibly other parts <strong>of</strong> thecountry, especially among those whouse automobiles. It is a bag abouttwelve by eighteen inches, usuallymade <strong>of</strong> strong, thick canvas. Thishag is thoroughly soaked in w<strong>at</strong>er, andwhen it is filled with about two gallons<strong>of</strong> w<strong>at</strong>er, sufficient w<strong>at</strong>er leaksthrough to evapor<strong>at</strong>e and keep thew<strong>at</strong>er within <strong>at</strong> a temper<strong>at</strong>ure suitablefor drinking purposes. This sameresult is obtained in various parts<strong>of</strong> the world by the use <strong>of</strong> a porous,earthenware jar, which will allowsufficient moisture to escape throughthe pores to evapor<strong>at</strong>e and cool thew<strong>at</strong>er within.We are more familiar with thiscooling effect in the case <strong>of</strong> alcohol,or cologne, which is largely alcohol.We know th<strong>at</strong> if we put cologne onour foreheads when we have a headache,it has the effect <strong>of</strong> cooling theforehead and giving relief. This isbecause the cologne evapor<strong>at</strong>es morerapidly than w<strong>at</strong>er does. Also theprovision <strong>of</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ure by which we perspirein hot we<strong>at</strong>her is for the samepurpose, namely, th<strong>at</strong> the slight moistureon the skin, by continual evapor<strong>at</strong>ion,shall cool the skin and therebyreduce the temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>of</strong> the body.When even a part <strong>of</strong> the soles <strong>of</strong>our shoes is wet we have a refriger<strong>at</strong>ingappar<strong>at</strong>us which rapidly reducesthe temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>of</strong> the whole body.is not necessary th<strong>at</strong> the feet or stockingsthemselves be wet, because thesame results to a certain degree willbe accomplished even though thewhole sole <strong>of</strong> the shoe may not bewet. <strong>The</strong>re is nothing in w<strong>at</strong>er th<strong>at</strong>gives a cold or reduces temper<strong>at</strong>ure.If we kept our feet in w<strong>at</strong>er th<strong>at</strong> was<strong>of</strong> the temper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>of</strong> the body it wouldnot abstract any cold from us and wewould not suffer thereby. But thetemper<strong>at</strong>ure <strong>of</strong> the damp earth or <strong>of</strong>the rain is lower than th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> ourbodies, and, as shown above, the wetshoe by evapor<strong>at</strong>ion reduces the temper<strong>at</strong>ureeven lower.Everyone should wear in damp andcold we<strong>at</strong>her sensible shoes with fairlythick soles; the thicker the sole, thethicker the layer <strong>of</strong> dry, nonconductingle<strong>at</strong>her.ItCare in the protection <strong>of</strong> ourlower extremities may seem too simplea thing to think much about, but itwill prevent a very large proportion<strong>of</strong> the ordinary headaches, indigestions,and colds th<strong>at</strong> we have, and willalso make us far less liable to <strong>at</strong>tacksfrom other diseases, including tuberculosis,to which our systems arelikely to succumb.
THE HEALTH BULLETIN. 173OUR WHOLE TIME COUNTY HEALTH OFFICERSWh<strong>at</strong> Outsiders Think <strong>of</strong> <strong>The</strong>mp. W. CovinWith Rowan and Nash, whose commissioners<strong>at</strong> a recent meeting madean appropri<strong>at</strong>ion for the employment<strong>of</strong> a whole time county health <strong>of</strong>ficer,we have now twelve counties in theSt<strong>at</strong>e which belong to the whole timecounty health <strong>of</strong>ficer group. <strong>The</strong>other ten are Columbus, Sampson,Johnston, Robeson, New Hanover, Durham,Guilford, Forsyth, Rockingham,and Buncombe. It is expected fromtime to time th<strong>at</strong> others <strong>of</strong> our pro-GTON, M.D.ment: a member <strong>of</strong> President Wilson'sCabinet writes:Department <strong>of</strong> Agbiculttjbe,Washington, D. C.Db. p. W. Covington,St<strong>at</strong>e Board <strong>of</strong> <strong>Health</strong>,Raleigh, N. C.Dear Doctor:—I was glad to getyour letter saying th<strong>at</strong> you are pushinga plan to give each county a fulltimehealth <strong>of</strong>ficer. I know <strong>of</strong> no moreimportant step for any st<strong>at</strong>e to takethan this. I think it is time th<strong>at</strong> thegre<strong>at</strong> mass <strong>of</strong> people living in the<strong>The</strong> shaded counties have a whole-time health <strong>of</strong>ficerand an active county health department, while thecounties in white have an inactive county board <strong>of</strong>health and no whole-time health <strong>of</strong>ficer.gressive counties will join this groupwhen more <strong>of</strong> our county <strong>of</strong>ficialsrealize th<strong>at</strong> public health is purchasableand th<strong>at</strong>, within n<strong>at</strong>ural limit<strong>at</strong>ions,a community can determine itsown de<strong>at</strong>h r<strong>at</strong>e,and th<strong>at</strong> the gre<strong>at</strong>estadvertisement any community canhave is th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> a low de<strong>at</strong>h r<strong>at</strong>e. Thiswill be brought out all the moreforcibly in th<strong>at</strong> now we have the enforcement<strong>of</strong> the vital st<strong>at</strong>istics law.Soon every community will realizeth<strong>at</strong> its gre<strong>at</strong>est asset is the health<strong>of</strong> its citizens and th<strong>at</strong> it is wiseeconomy to spend money in conservingthis.<strong>The</strong> following is wh<strong>at</strong> a few <strong>of</strong>OUR leading men think <strong>of</strong> theWhole Time <strong>Health</strong> Officer moveruraldistricts be induced to provideadequ<strong>at</strong>e local arrangements. Certainlynothing is more important thanth<strong>at</strong> they should have a thoroughlycompetent man giving his entire timeto the care <strong>of</strong> the public health. I thinksuch an arrangement will be an investment.It will pay in dollars and cents,and immeasurably in physical comfortand peace <strong>of</strong> mind. I think every countyin the Union should have a full-time,well paid, competent health <strong>of</strong>ficer,with adequ<strong>at</strong>e authority, financial supportand assistance.Sincerely yours,D. P. Houston,Secretary.William F. Snow, <strong>of</strong> California, one<strong>of</strong> the most intelligent commissioners<strong>of</strong> health, says, among other things,in a recent letter to Dr. Rankin: