Is Parallel Programming Hard, And, If So, What Can You Do About It?

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iiLegal StatementThis work represents the views of the authors and doesnot necessarily represent the view of their employers.IBM, zSeries, and Power PC are trademarks or registeredtrademarks of International Business MachinesCorporation in the United States, other countries, orboth.Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.i386 is a trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiariesin the United States, other countries, or both.Other company, product, and service names may betrademarks or service marks of such companies.The non-source-code text and images in this documentare provided under the terms of the CreativeCommons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/). In brief, you may use the contents of this documentfor any purpose, personal, commercial, or otherwise,so long as attribution to the authors is maintained.Likewise, the document may be modified, and derivativeworks and translations made available, so long as suchmodifications and derivations are offered to the publicon equal terms as the non-source-code text and imagesin the original document.Source code is covered by various versions of theGPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html).Some of this code is GPLv2-only, as it derivesfrom the Linux kernel, while other code is GPLv2-or-later. See the CodeSamples directory in thegit archive (git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/perfbook.git) for the exact licenses,which are included in comment headers in eachfile. If you are unsure of the license for a given codefragment, you should assume GPLv2-only.Combined work c○ 2005-2010 by Paul E. McKenney.
Contents1 Introduction 11.1 Historic Parallel Programming Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Parallel Programming Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.1 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.2 Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.3 Generality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Alternatives to Parallel Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3.1 Multiple Instances of a Sequential Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3.2 Make Use of Existing Parallel Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3.3 Performance Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 What Makes Parallel Programming Hard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4.1 Work Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4.2 Parallel Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4.3 Resource Partitioning and Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4.4 Interacting With Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4.5 Composite Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4.6 How Do Languages and Environments Assist With These Tasks? . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5 Guide to This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5.1 Quick Quizzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5.2 Sample Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Hardware and its Habits 112.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.1.1 Pipelined CPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.1.2 Memory References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.1.3 Atomic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1.4 Memory Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1.5 Cache Misses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1.6 I/O Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2 Overheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2.1 Hardware System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2.2 Costs of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3 Hardware Free Lunch? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3.1 3D Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3.2 Novel Materials and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.3.3 Special-Purpose Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.3.4 Existing Parallel Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.4 Software Design Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Page 1: Is Parallel Programming Hard, And,
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTSv6 Locking 676.1 Staying Al
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Page 11 and 12: PrefaceThe purpose of this book is
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48 CHAPTER 5. PARTITIONING AND SYNC
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70 CHAPTER 7. DATA OWNERSHIP
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110 CHAPTER 9. APPLYING RCU1 struct
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114 CHAPTER 10. VALIDATION: DEBUGGI
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116 CHAPTER 11. DATA STRUCTURES
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118 CHAPTER 12. ADVANCED SYNCHRONIZ
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138 CHAPTER 13. EASE OF USEFigure 1
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140 CHAPTER 13. EASE OF USE
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142 CHAPTER 14. TIME MANAGEMENT
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144 CHAPTER 15. CONFLICTING VISIONS
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154 APPENDIX A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
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156 APPENDIX A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
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158 APPENDIX B. SYNCHRONIZATION PRI
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162 APPENDIX C. WHY MEMORY BARRIERS
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244 APPENDIX E. FORMAL VERIFICATION
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272 APPENDIX F. ANSWERS TO QUICK QU
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330 APPENDIX G. GLOSSARY(2) A physi
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332 APPENDIX G. GLOSSARYnear by. Th
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334 APPENDIX G. GLOSSARY
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336 BIBLIOGRAPHY[But97]USA, March 2
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338 BIBLIOGRAPHY[HMB06][Hol03][HP95
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340 BIBLIOGRAPHY[McK06] Paul E. McK
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342 BIBLIOGRAPHYtor. Software - Pra
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344 BIBLIOGRAPHY[UoC08][VGS08]Berke
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346 APPENDIX H. CREDITSH.4 Original
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Is Parallel Programming Hard, And, If So, What Can You Do About It?

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