Is Parallel Programming Hard, And, If So, What Can You Do About It?

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viiiCONTENTSC.7.7 SPARC RMO, PSO, and TSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178C.7.8 x86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179C.7.9 zSeries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179C.8 Are Memory Barriers Forever? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180C.9 Advice to Hardware Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180D Read-Copy Update Implementations 183D.1 Sleepable RCU Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183D.1.1 SRCU Implementation Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184D.1.2 SRCU API and Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184D.1.3 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186D.1.4 SRCU Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188D.2 Hierarchical RCU Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188D.2.1 Review of RCU Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189D.2.2 Brief Overview of Classic RCU Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189D.2.3 RCU Desiderata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190D.2.4 Towards a More Scalable RCU Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190D.2.5 Towards a Greener RCU Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192D.2.6 State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192D.2.7 Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194D.2.8 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197D.2.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199D.3 Hierarchical RCU Code Walkthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200D.3.1 Data Structures and Kernel Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200D.3.2 External Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207D.3.3 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210D.3.4 CPU Hotplug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213D.3.5 Miscellaneous Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216D.3.6 Grace-Period-Detection Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217D.3.7 Dyntick-Idle Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222D.3.8 Forcing Quiescent States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226D.3.9 CPU-Stall Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230D.3.10 Possible Flaws and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231D.4 Preemptable RCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231D.4.1 Conceptual RCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232D.4.2 Overview of Preemptible RCU Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232D.4.3 Validation of Preemptible RCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241E Formal Verification 243E.1 What are Promela and Spin? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243E.2 Promela Example: Non-Atomic Increment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243E.3 Promela Example: Atomic Increment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245E.3.1 Combinatorial Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245E.4 How to Use Promela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247E.4.1 Promela Peculiarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247E.4.2 Promela Coding Tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248E.5 Promela Example: Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249E.6 Promela Example: QRCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250E.6.1 Running the QRCU Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253E.6.2 How Many Readers and Updaters Are Really Needed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253E.6.3 Alternative Approach: Proof of Correctness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253E.6.4 Alternative Approach: More Capable Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254E.6.5 Alternative Approach: Divide and Conquer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254E.7 Promela Parable: dynticks and Preemptable RCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
CONTENTSixE.7.1 Introduction to Preemptable RCU and dynticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255E.7.2 Validating Preemptable RCU and dynticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257E.7.3 Lessons (Re)Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265E.8 Simplicity Avoids Formal Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266E.8.1 State Variables for Simplified Dynticks Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266E.8.2 Entering and Leaving Dynticks-Idle Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266E.8.3 NMIs From Dynticks-Idle Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267E.8.4 Interrupts From Dynticks-Idle Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267E.8.5 Checking For Dynticks Quiescent States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267E.8.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268E.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268F Answers to Quick Quizzes 271F.1 Chapter 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271F.2 Chapter 2: Hardware and its Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275F.3 Chapter 3: Tools of the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277F.4 Chapter 4: Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280F.5 Chapter 5: Partitioning and Synchronization Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290F.6 Chapter 6: Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293F.7 Chapter 8: Deferred Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294F.8 Chapter 9: Applying RCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306F.9 Chapter 12: Advanced Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307F.10 Chapter 13: Ease of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309F.11 Chapter 15: Conflicting Visions of the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310F.12 Chapter A: Important Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310F.13 Chapter B: Synchronization Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310F.14 Chapter C: Why Memory Barriers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311F.15 Chapter D: Read-Copy Update Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313F.16 Chapter E: Formal Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325G Glossary 329H Credits 345H.1 Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345H.2 Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345H.3 Machine Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345H.4 Original Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346H.5 Figure Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346H.6 Other Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Page 1 and 2: Is Parallel Programming Hard, And,
Page 3 and 4: Contents1 Introduction 11.1 Histori
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTSv6 Locking 676.1 Staying Al
Page 7: CONTENTSviiB Synchronization Primit
Page 11 and 12: PrefaceThe purpose of this book is
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1IntroductionParallel progr
Page 15 and 16: 1.2. PARALLEL PROGRAMMING GOALS 3CP
Page 17 and 18: 1.3. ALTERNATIVES TO PARALLEL PROGR
Page 19 and 20: 1.4. WHAT MAKES PARALLEL PROGRAMMIN
Page 21 and 22: 1.5. GUIDE TO THIS BOOK 9other hand
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2Hardware and its HabitsMos
Page 25: 2.1. OVERVIEW 13Therefore, as shown
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Page 30 and 31: 18 CHAPTER 2. HARDWARE AND ITS HABI
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46 CHAPTER 4. COUNTINGReadsAlgorith
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48 CHAPTER 5. PARTITIONING AND SYNC
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70 CHAPTER 7. DATA OWNERSHIP
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110 CHAPTER 9. APPLYING RCU1 struct
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112 CHAPTER 9. APPLYING RCU
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114 CHAPTER 10. VALIDATION: DEBUGGI
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116 CHAPTER 11. DATA STRUCTURES
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118 CHAPTER 12. ADVANCED SYNCHRONIZ
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138 CHAPTER 13. EASE OF USEFigure 1
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140 CHAPTER 13. EASE OF USE
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142 CHAPTER 14. TIME MANAGEMENT
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144 CHAPTER 15. CONFLICTING VISIONS
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154 APPENDIX A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
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156 APPENDIX A. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
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158 APPENDIX B. SYNCHRONIZATION PRI
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160 APPENDIX B. SYNCHRONIZATION PRI
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162 APPENDIX C. WHY MEMORY BARRIERS
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184 APPENDIX D. READ-COPY UPDATE IM
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244 APPENDIX E. FORMAL VERIFICATION
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272 APPENDIX F. ANSWERS TO QUICK QU
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330 APPENDIX G. GLOSSARY(2) A physi
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332 APPENDIX G. GLOSSARYnear by. Th
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334 APPENDIX G. GLOSSARY
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336 BIBLIOGRAPHY[But97]USA, March 2
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338 BIBLIOGRAPHY[HMB06][Hol03][HP95
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340 BIBLIOGRAPHY[McK06] Paul E. McK
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342 BIBLIOGRAPHYtor. Software - Pra
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344 BIBLIOGRAPHY[UoC08][VGS08]Berke
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346 APPENDIX H. CREDITSH.4 Original
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