SanDisk SD Card

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Revision 2.2Chapter 1 – IntroductionSanDisk SD Card Product Manual1.2 FeaturesSanDisk SD Card features include:►Up to 2-GB of data storage►SD-protocol compatible►Supports SPI mode► Targeted for portable and stationary applications for secured (copyrights protected) andunsecured data storage►Voltage rangeBasic communication (CMD0, CMD15, CMD55, ACMD41): 2.0 to 3.6VOther commands and memory access: 2.7 to 3.6V► Variable clock rate 0-25 MHz (default), 0-50MHz (high-speed)►Data transfer rateUp to 50 MB/sec data transfer rate (using 4 parallel data lines)Maximum data rate with up to 10 cards►Correction of memory-field errors►Copyrights Protection mechanismComplies with highest security of SDMI standard►Password-protection (specific models only)►Write Protect using mechanical switch►Built-in write protection features (permanent and temporary)►Card detection (Insertion/Removal)►Application-specific commands►Comfortable erase mechanism1.3 SD Card StandardSanDisk SD cards are fully compatible with the SD Card Physical Layer SystemSpecification, Version 1.10. This specification is available from the SD Card Association.SD Association719 San Benito St., Suite CHollister, CA 95023 USAPhone: +1 831-636-7322FAX: +1 831-623-2248E-mail: president@sdcard.orgURL: http://www.sdcard.org© 2004 SanDisk Corporation 1-2 12/08/04
Revision 2.2Chapter 1 – IntroductionSanDisk SD Card Product Manual1.4 Functional DescriptionSanDisk SD cards contain a high-level, intelligent subsystem as shown in Figure 1-1. Thisintelligent (microprocessor) subsystem provides many capabilities not found in other typesof memory cards. These capabilities include:• Host independence from details of erasing and programming flash memory• Sophisticated system for managing defects (analogous to systems found in magneticdisk drives)• Sophisticated system for error recovery including a powerful error correction code(ECC)• Power management for low-power operation1.5 Independent Flash TechnologyThe 512-byte sector size of the SanDisk SD Card is the same as that in an IDE magneticdisk drive. To write or read a sector (or multiple sectors), the host computer softwaresimply issues a read or write command to the SD Card. This command contains theaddress. The host software then waits for the command to complete. The host softwaredoes not get involved in the details of how the flash memory is erased, programmed orread. This is extremely important as flash devices are expected to get increasingly complexin the future. Because the SD Card uses an intelligent on-board controller, the host systemsoftware will not require changing as new flash memory evolves. In other words, systemsthat support the SD Card today will be able to access future SD cards built with new flashtechnology without having to update or change host software.1.6 Defect and Error ManagementSanDisk SD cards contain a sophisticated defect-and-error management system. Thissystem is analogous to the systems found in magnetic disk drives and in many cases offersenhancements. For instance, disk drives do not typically perform a read after write toconfirm the data is written correctly because of the performance penalty that would beincurred. SD cards do a read after write under margin conditions to verify that the data iswritten correctly. In the rare case that a bit is found to be defective, SD cards replace thisbad bit with a spare bit within the sector header. If necessary, SD cards will even replacethe entire sector with a spare sector. This is completely transparent to the host and does notconsume any user data space.The SD Card’s soft error rate specification is much better than the magnetic disk drivespecification. In the extremely rare case a read error does occur, SD cards have innovativealgorithms to recover the data. This is similar to using retries on a disk drive but is muchmore sophisticated. The last line of defense is to employ a powerful ECC to correct thedata. If ECC is used to recover data, defective bits are replaced with spare bits to ensurethey do not cause any future problems. These defect and error management systemscoupled with the solid-state construction give SD cards unparalleled reliability.© 2004 SanDisk Corporation 1-3 12/08/04
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Host Design Considerations:Applicat
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SanDisk SD Card

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