Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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Hot Potato Routing ● Choose the outgoing link with the lowest load for the next packet L2 50% L3 20% L4 90% ● Problem: “circling” of messages ● Solution: carry a list of the visited routers ● There are two variants: ● “Hot Potato”: Shortest Queue without Bias ● “Hot Potato” with carried router list: Shortest Queue with Bias Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer A L 4 L 2 L 3 L 1 B 6.140
Probabilistic Routing ● Router decides regarding performance measures of sent packets (e.g. delay, jitter) about best routes for a packet ● Routing can be made proportionally by assigning a proportionality factor p i to each link L i A L p(L) 1 25% 2 25% 3 30% 4 20% B L p(L) 1 75% 2 25% 3 - 4 - Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer p 1 p 2 p n L 1 L 2 L n 6.141
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer
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Design Issues Connection principles
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Layers in the Network Application P
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Two Fundamental Philosophies ● Co
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Connection-Oriented Communication C
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Routing ● Most important function
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Routing - Connectionless Univ.-Prof
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Routing - Comparison Issue Connecti
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The Optimality Principle A subnet A
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Internet Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joche
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On the Way to Today's Internet Stru
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ARPANET A node consists of ● an I
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Evolution by ARPANET Very fast evol
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TCP/IP ● Developed 1974: ● Tran
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From the ARPANET to the Internet
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Evolution of the Internet Univ.-Pro
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Internet ● What does it mean: “
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The classical TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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Internet Protocol (IP) Univ.-Prof.
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Internet Protocol (IP) ● IP: conn
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The IP Header (1) ● Version (4 bi
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Fragmentation ● A too large or to
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Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing U
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IP Addresses 192.168.13.x 192.168.1
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IP Addressing: Examples The represe
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IP Addresses are scarce… ● Prob
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IP Subnets ● Within an IP network
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IP Subnets: Computation of the Dest
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IPv6 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H.
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IPv6 ● Why changing the protocol,
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IPv6: Characteristics ● Address s
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IPv6 Header ● Packet size require
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IPv6 Path MTU Discovery ● Path MT
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Optional
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Two exte
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IPv6 Addresses (RFC 4291) ● IPv6
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● G
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● M
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● IP
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● Tr
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Network Address Translation (NAT) U
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
Page 89 and 90: NAT Variants ● Disadvantages of s
Page 91 and 92: Problems with NAPT ● NAPT works w
Page 93 and 94: Auxiliary Protocols ARP, RARP, DHCP
Page 95 and 96: Auxiliary Protocols ● IP serves o
Page 97 and 98: Delivery of IP Packets ● Address
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Page 101 and 102: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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Page 105 and 106: How to realize Multicast with IPv4?
Page 107 and 108: Internet Group Management Protocol
Page 109 and 110: Multicast Groups: Example Network w
Page 111 and 112: Internet Control Message Protocol (
Page 113 and 114: ICMP: Header ● ICMP message field
Page 115 and 116: ICMP: Applications ● Some very po
Page 117 and 118: Some Tools Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joc
Page 119 and 120: Some Tools: Route ● Route ● Dis
Page 121 and 122: Some Tools: Traceroute ● Tracerou
Page 123 and 124: Some Tools: Pathping (2) Computing
Page 125 and 126: Internet Layer ● Raw division int
Page 127 and 128: Routing in the Internet ● The Int
Page 129 and 130: Routing in a Sub-Network ● Sub-ne
Page 131 and 132: Routing Algorithms: Graph abstracti
Page 133 and 134: Routing Algorithms: Taxonomy static
Page 135 and 136: Static Routing ● Source Routing
Page 137 and 138: Static Routing ● Flooding Princip
Page 139: Local Estimation Procedure in Via L
Page 143 and 144: Routing: Shortest Path ● Static v
Page 145 and 146: Shortest Path: Dijkstra (1) ● Alg
Page 147 and 148: Shortest Path: Dijkstra (3) A 2 6 B
Page 155 and 156: Implementation of Dijkstra (2) do {
Page 157 and 158: Distance Vector Routing ● Problem
Page 159 and 160: Distance Vector Routing Distance Ve
Page 161 and 162: Distance Vector Routing: Example A
Page 163 and 164: Distance Vector Routing: Example B
Page 165 and 166: Distance Vector Routing: Example Ro
Page 167 and 168: Distance Vector Routing: Example Fr
Page 169 and 170: Distance Vector Routing: Example Fr
Page 171 and 172: Distance Vector Routing: Connection
Page 179 and 180: Distance Vector Routing: The Bounci
Page 181 and 182: Distance Vector Routing: The Bounci
Page 183 and 184: Distance Vector Routing: Count to I
Page 185 and 186: Distance Vector Routing: Count to I
Page 187 and 188: Routing Routing Information Protoco
Page 189 and 190: Information Exchange 1.) Exchange o
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Link State Routing ● Every router
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Link State Routing ● Second step:
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Packet Buffer for Router B ● Four
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Route Enquiry ● Fifth step: Decis
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Routing Tables ● Problem: extensi
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Hierarchical Routing Region 1 1A 3A
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ●
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ●
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Intermediate System to Intermediate
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ● G
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Size of BGP routing tables (bgp.pot
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Average AS path length Univ.-Prof.
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Summary ● TCP/IP reference model
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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