Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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Distance Vector Routing: Successive Information Propagation ● Problem with this procedure: Information must be reliable ● Otherwise: Christmas Deadlock ● A router j announced DVj = (0, …, 0) ● Consequence: Nearly the entire traffic was led over j ● Result: Collapse ● Disadvantages: ● Unreliable information is dangerous ● Cycling load conditions ● Additional overhead ● And: information propagation lasts a certain time! Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer 6.170
Distance Vector Routing: Connection Loss A L 3 L 1 Router A and B notice the interruption, e.g. by control packets. �Update of their own routing tables � Inf = Infinite L 4 D E L 6 B C L 2 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer L 5 From A to Link Costs A Locally 0 B L1 Inf D L3 1 C L1 Inf E L1 Inf From B to Link Costs B Locally 0 A L1 Inf D L1 Inf C L2 1 E L4 1 6.171
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer
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Design Issues Connection principles
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Layers in the Network Application P
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Two Fundamental Philosophies ● Co
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Connection-Oriented Communication C
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Routing ● Most important function
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Routing - Connectionless Univ.-Prof
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Routing - Comparison Issue Connecti
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The Optimality Principle A subnet A
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Internet Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joche
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On the Way to Today's Internet Stru
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ARPANET A node consists of ● an I
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Evolution by ARPANET Very fast evol
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TCP/IP ● Developed 1974: ● Tran
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From the ARPANET to the Internet
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Evolution of the Internet Univ.-Pro
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Internet ● What does it mean: “
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The classical TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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Internet Protocol (IP) Univ.-Prof.
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Internet Protocol (IP) ● IP: conn
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The IP Header (1) ● Version (4 bi
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Fragmentation ● A too large or to
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Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing U
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IP Addresses 192.168.13.x 192.168.1
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IP Addressing: Examples The represe
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IP Addresses are scarce… ● Prob
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IP Subnets ● Within an IP network
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IP Subnets: Computation of the Dest
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IPv6 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H.
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IPv6 ● Why changing the protocol,
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IPv6: Characteristics ● Address s
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IPv6 Header ● Packet size require
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IPv6 Path MTU Discovery ● Path MT
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Optional
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Two exte
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IPv6 Addresses (RFC 4291) ● IPv6
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● G
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● M
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● IP
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● Tr
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Network Address Translation (NAT) U
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
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NAT Variants ● Disadvantages of s
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Problems with NAPT ● NAPT works w
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Auxiliary Protocols ARP, RARP, DHCP
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Auxiliary Protocols ● IP serves o
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Delivery of IP Packets ● Address
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) O
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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How to realize Multicast with IPv4?
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Internet Group Management Protocol
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Multicast Groups: Example Network w
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Internet Control Message Protocol (
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ICMP: Header ● ICMP message field
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ICMP: Applications ● Some very po
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Some Tools Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joc
Page 119 and 120: Some Tools: Route ● Route ● Dis
Page 121 and 122: Some Tools: Traceroute ● Tracerou
Page 123 and 124: Some Tools: Pathping (2) Computing
Page 125 and 126: Internet Layer ● Raw division int
Page 127 and 128: Routing in the Internet ● The Int
Page 129 and 130: Routing in a Sub-Network ● Sub-ne
Page 131 and 132: Routing Algorithms: Graph abstracti
Page 133 and 134: Routing Algorithms: Taxonomy static
Page 135 and 136: Static Routing ● Source Routing
Page 137 and 138: Static Routing ● Flooding Princip
Page 139 and 140: Local Estimation Procedure in Via L
Page 141 and 142: Probabilistic Routing ● Router de
Page 143 and 144: Routing: Shortest Path ● Static v
Page 145 and 146: Shortest Path: Dijkstra (1) ● Alg
Page 147 and 148: Shortest Path: Dijkstra (3) A 2 6 B
Page 155 and 156: Implementation of Dijkstra (2) do {
Page 157 and 158: Distance Vector Routing ● Problem
Page 159 and 160: Distance Vector Routing Distance Ve
Page 161 and 162: Distance Vector Routing: Example A
Page 163 and 164: Distance Vector Routing: Example B
Page 165 and 166: Distance Vector Routing: Example Ro
Page 167 and 168: Distance Vector Routing: Example Fr
Page 169: Distance Vector Routing: Example Fr
Page 173 and 174: Distance Vector Routing: Connection
Page 179 and 180: Distance Vector Routing: The Bounci
Page 181 and 182: Distance Vector Routing: The Bounci
Page 183 and 184: Distance Vector Routing: Count to I
Page 185 and 186: Distance Vector Routing: Count to I
Page 187 and 188: Routing Routing Information Protoco
Page 189 and 190: Information Exchange 1.) Exchange o
Page 191 and 192: Link State Routing ● Every router
Page 193 and 194: Link State Routing ● Second step:
Page 195 and 196: Packet Buffer for Router B ● Four
Page 197 and 198: Route Enquiry ● Fifth step: Decis
Page 199 and 200: Routing Tables ● Problem: extensi
Page 201 and 202: Hierarchical Routing Region 1 1A 3A
Page 203 and 204: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ●
Page 205 and 206: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ●
Page 207 and 208: Intermediate System to Intermediate
Page 209 and 210: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ● G
Page 211 and 212: Size of BGP routing tables (bgp.pot
Page 213 and 214: Average AS path length Univ.-Prof.
Page 215: Summary ● TCP/IP reference model
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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