Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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Routing Information Protocol (RIP) ● Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RFC 1058) ● Early internal gateway routing protocol used in the Internet ● Based on the Distance Vector Protocol ● RIP messages are sent every 30 seconds as UDP datagrams ● Used metric for the evaluation of the paths is the number of hops ● The maximum number of hops is limited to 15 � 16 = ∞ ● In a message (only) up to 25 entries of the routing table can be sent ● Fits good for small systems ● Problems: ● Slow convergence (duration of minutes) ● Count to Infinity ● No considering of subnets Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer ● RIPv2 (RFC 2453): ● Subnets, CIDR ● Authentication ● Multicast, etc. ● However: max. number of hops is still limited to 15 ● RIPng (RFC 2080) ● IPv6 support ● Internet Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) ● As reaction to the restrictions of RIP Cisco introduced IGRP ● Extension of the metric, load sharing, more efficient packet format ● The protocols did not become generally accepted, because they were Cisco specific ● Replaced by EIGRP (new design) ● Replacement by a Link State Protocol (OSPF) 6.188
Information Exchange 1.) Exchange of global information locally (only with neighbors) Distance Vector Routing 2.) Global exchange of local information Link State Routing Routers exchange Link State Advertisements (LSA) Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer 6.189
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer
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Design Issues Connection principles
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Layers in the Network Application P
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Two Fundamental Philosophies ● Co
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Connection-Oriented Communication C
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Routing ● Most important function
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Routing - Connectionless Univ.-Prof
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Routing - Comparison Issue Connecti
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The Optimality Principle A subnet A
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Internet Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joche
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On the Way to Today's Internet Stru
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ARPANET A node consists of ● an I
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Evolution by ARPANET Very fast evol
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TCP/IP ● Developed 1974: ● Tran
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From the ARPANET to the Internet
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Evolution of the Internet Univ.-Pro
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Internet ● What does it mean: “
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The classical TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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Internet Protocol (IP) Univ.-Prof.
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Internet Protocol (IP) ● IP: conn
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The IP Header (1) ● Version (4 bi
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Fragmentation ● A too large or to
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Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing U
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IP Addresses 192.168.13.x 192.168.1
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IP Addressing: Examples The represe
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IP Addresses are scarce… ● Prob
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IP Subnets ● Within an IP network
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IP Subnets: Computation of the Dest
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IPv6 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H.
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IPv6 ● Why changing the protocol,
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IPv6: Characteristics ● Address s
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IPv6 Header ● Packet size require
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IPv6 Path MTU Discovery ● Path MT
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Optional
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Two exte
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IPv6 Addresses (RFC 4291) ● IPv6
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● G
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● M
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● IP
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● Tr
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Network Address Translation (NAT) U
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
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NAT Variants ● Disadvantages of s
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Problems with NAPT ● NAPT works w
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Auxiliary Protocols ARP, RARP, DHCP
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Auxiliary Protocols ● IP serves o
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Delivery of IP Packets ● Address
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) O
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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How to realize Multicast with IPv4?
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Internet Group Management Protocol
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Multicast Groups: Example Network w
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Internet Control Message Protocol (
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ICMP: Header ● ICMP message field
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ICMP: Applications ● Some very po
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Some Tools Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joc
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Some Tools: Route ● Route ● Dis
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Some Tools: Traceroute ● Tracerou
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Some Tools: Pathping (2) Computing
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Internet Layer ● Raw division int
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Routing in the Internet ● The Int
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Routing in a Sub-Network ● Sub-ne
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Routing Algorithms: Graph abstracti
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Routing Algorithms: Taxonomy static
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Static Routing ● Source Routing
Page 137 and 138: Static Routing ● Flooding Princip
Page 139 and 140: Local Estimation Procedure in Via L
Page 141 and 142: Probabilistic Routing ● Router de
Page 143 and 144: Routing: Shortest Path ● Static v
Page 145 and 146: Shortest Path: Dijkstra (1) ● Alg
Page 147 and 148: Shortest Path: Dijkstra (3) A 2 6 B
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Page 157 and 158: Distance Vector Routing ● Problem
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Page 163 and 164: Distance Vector Routing: Example B
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Page 171 and 172: Distance Vector Routing: Connection
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Page 183 and 184: Distance Vector Routing: Count to I
Page 185 and 186: Distance Vector Routing: Count to I
Page 187: Routing Routing Information Protoco
Page 191 and 192: Link State Routing ● Every router
Page 193 and 194: Link State Routing ● Second step:
Page 195 and 196: Packet Buffer for Router B ● Four
Page 197 and 198: Route Enquiry ● Fifth step: Decis
Page 199 and 200: Routing Tables ● Problem: extensi
Page 201 and 202: Hierarchical Routing Region 1 1A 3A
Page 203 and 204: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ●
Page 205 and 206: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ●
Page 207 and 208: Intermediate System to Intermediate
Page 209 and 210: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ● G
Page 211 and 212: Size of BGP routing tables (bgp.pot
Page 213 and 214: Average AS path length Univ.-Prof.
Page 215: Summary ● TCP/IP reference model
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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