Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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BGP is crucial to the Internet ● Many issues / problems ● Stability, routing table growth, load balancing in multi-homed networks, hijacking … ● Suggested reading ● Delayed Internet Routing Convergence ● 2-year measurements of BGP convergence ● It takes between 3 and 15 minutes for paths to converge ● http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2000/conf/paper/sigcomm2000-5-2.pdf ● Analysis of BGP Update Burst during Slammer Attack ● Consequences of the slammer worm on BGP in 2003 ● Shows nicely the effect of small ASs on the global update traffic - Two small ASs that contribute only to 0.25% of routing table entries caused 6% of all BGP update messages ● http://irl.cs.ucla.edu/papers/mohit_iwdc03.pdf ● Measurement of Highly Active Prefixes in BGP ● Examines the stability of routes and shows that very few prefixes contribute to the majority of BGP update traffic ● http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/05Globcom.pdf Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer 6.214
Summary ● TCP/IP reference model defines only one protocol for layer 3 ● The Internet Protocol (IP) ● Connectionless transmission, data packets are forwarded hop-by-hop ● Supported by routing protocols to determine the best way to a destination ● ICMP for exchange of control messages ● ARP for mapping of IP addresses to MAC addresses ● But, there are several problems with the “current” IPv4 ● address space, security, mobility, quality of service, … ● Large number of additional protocols to deal with these problems: network address translation, IPsec, Mobile IP, IntServ, DiffServ, MPLS, … ● Successor IPv6 could deal with (some of) the problems, but when/where/to what extend will it come? ● See e.g. http://resources.potaroo.net/iso3166/v6cc.html for current usage Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller ▪ cst.mi.fu-berlin.de ▪ Telematics ▪ Chapter 6: Network Layer 6.215
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer
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Design Issues Connection principles
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Layers in the Network Application P
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Two Fundamental Philosophies ● Co
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Connection-Oriented Communication C
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Routing ● Most important function
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Routing - Connectionless Univ.-Prof
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Routing - Comparison Issue Connecti
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The Optimality Principle A subnet A
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Internet Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joche
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On the Way to Today's Internet Stru
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ARPANET A node consists of ● an I
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Evolution by ARPANET Very fast evol
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TCP/IP ● Developed 1974: ● Tran
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From the ARPANET to the Internet
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Evolution of the Internet Univ.-Pro
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Internet ● What does it mean: “
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The classical TCP/IP Protocol Suite
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Internet Protocol (IP) Univ.-Prof.
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Internet Protocol (IP) ● IP: conn
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The IP Header (1) ● Version (4 bi
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Fragmentation ● A too large or to
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Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing U
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IP Addresses 192.168.13.x 192.168.1
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IP Addressing: Examples The represe
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IP Addresses are scarce… ● Prob
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IP Subnets ● Within an IP network
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IP Subnets: Computation of the Dest
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IPv6 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H.
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IPv6 ● Why changing the protocol,
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IPv6: Characteristics ● Address s
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IPv6 Header ● Packet size require
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IPv6 Path MTU Discovery ● Path MT
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Optional
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IPv6 Extension Headers ● Two exte
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IPv6 Addresses (RFC 4291) ● IPv6
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Representation of a
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● G
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IPv6 Addresses: Address Types ● M
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● IP
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Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 ● Tr
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Network Address Translation (NAT) U
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
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NAT Variants ● Disadvantages of s
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Problems with NAPT ● NAPT works w
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Auxiliary Protocols ARP, RARP, DHCP
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Auxiliary Protocols ● IP serves o
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Delivery of IP Packets ● Address
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) O
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
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How to realize Multicast with IPv4?
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Internet Group Management Protocol
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Multicast Groups: Example Network w
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Internet Control Message Protocol (
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ICMP: Header ● ICMP message field
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ICMP: Applications ● Some very po
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Some Tools Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Joc
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Some Tools: Route ● Route ● Dis
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Some Tools: Traceroute ● Tracerou
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Some Tools: Pathping (2) Computing
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Internet Layer ● Raw division int
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Routing in the Internet ● The Int
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Routing in a Sub-Network ● Sub-ne
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Routing Algorithms: Graph abstracti
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Routing Algorithms: Taxonomy static
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Static Routing ● Source Routing
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Static Routing ● Flooding Princip
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Local Estimation Procedure in Via L
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Probabilistic Routing ● Router de
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Routing: Shortest Path ● Static v
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Shortest Path: Dijkstra (1) ● Alg
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Shortest Path: Dijkstra (3) A 2 6 B
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Implementation of Dijkstra (2) do {
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Distance Vector Routing ● Problem
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Distance Vector Routing Distance Ve
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Distance Vector Routing: Example A
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Telematics Chapter 6: Network Layer - Freie Universität Berlin

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