Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh

554 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRYand specific treatment difficult at times. Finally, a tendency todeny psychopathology and a preference for somatic expression ofdistress may make it difficult at times to accurately assess theextent of anxiety. Studies designed to investigate any differentialmanifestations of anxiety disorders in the elderly are clearlyneeded.REFERENCES1. Sheikh JI. Anxiety disorders. In Coffey CE, Cummings JL, eds,Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychology. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychiatric Press, 2000: 274.2. Sheehan DV. Current concepts in psychiatry: panic attacks andphobias. N Engl J Med 1982; 307(3): 156–8.3. Roth M. Anxiety and anxiety disorders—a general overview. In RothM, Noyes JR, Burrow GD, eds, Biological Clinical and CulturalPerspectives. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science/North Holland, 1988: 1–44.4. Marks IM. Fears, Phobias, and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety, and theirDisorders. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.5. Sheikh JI, Salzman C. Anxiety in the elderly: course and treatment.Psychiat Clin N Am 1995; 18(4): 871–83.6. Shamoian CA. What is anxiety in the elderly? In Salzman C, LebowitzB, eds, Anxiety in the Elderly—Treatment and Research. New York:Springer, 1991: 3–15.7. Van Balkom AJ, Beekman AT, deBeurs E, Deeg DJ, van Dyck R, vanTilburg W. Comorbidity of the anxiety disorders in a communitybasedolder population in The Netherlands. Acta Psychiat Scand 2000;101(1): 37–45.8. American Psychiatric Association, Task Force and Work Groups onDSM-IV. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4thedn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.9. Gurian BS, Miner JH. Clinical presentation of anxiety in the elderly.In Saltzman C, Lebowitz B, eds, Anxiety in the Elderly—Treatmentand Research. New York: Springer, 1991: 31–44.10. Blazer D, George L, Hughes D. The epidemiology of anxietydisorders: an age comparison. In Salzman C, Liebowitz B, eds,Anxiety in the Elderly—Treatment and Research. New York: Springer,1991: 17–30.11. Ballenger JC, Davidson JRT, Lecrubier Y et al. Consensus statementon panic disorder from the International Consensus Group onDepression and Anxiety. J Clin Psychiat 1998; 59(suppl 8): 47–54.12. Goisman RM, Warshaw MG, Steketee GS et al. DSM-IV and thedisappearance of agoraphobia without a history of panic: Am JPsychiat 1995; 152(10): 1438–43.13. Liebowitz MR. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of socialanxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiat 1999; 60(18): 22–6.14. Goisman RM, Goldenberg I, Vasile RG, Keller MB. Comorbidity ofanxiety disorders in a multicenter anxiety study. Comp Psychiat 1995;36: 303–11.15. Lindesay J. Phobic disorders in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:531–41.16. Hantouche EG, Lancrenon S. Modern typology of symptoms andobsessive-compulsive syndromes: results of a large French study of615 patients. Encephale 1996; 1: 9–21.17. Kuch K, Cox BJ. Symptoms of PTSD in 124 survivors of theHolocaust. Am J Psychiat 1992; 149: 337–40.18. Speed N, Engdahl B, Schwartz J, Eberly R. Posttraumatic stressdisorder as a consequence of the POW experience. J Nerv MentDisord 1989; 177: 147–53.19. Van der Kolk BA. The drug treatment of post-traumatic stressdisorder. J Affect Disord 1987; 13: 203–13.20. Copeland JR, Davidson LA, Dewey ME. The prevalence andoutcome of anxious depression in elderly people aged 65 and overliving in the community. In Racagnia G, Smeraldi E, eds, AnxiousDepression—Assessment and Treatment. New York: Raven, 1987: 43.