Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh

ANATOMY OF THE AGING BRAIN 31Table 7.2continuedStudy Subjects Imaging and measurement technique FindingsBlatter et al., 1995 55194 Healthy volunteers, 16–65 yearsold, 89 M, 105 F. No history (byquestionnaire) of any neurologic orpsychiatric illness. 95% Right-handedConvit et al., 1995 56 37 Healthy adult volunteers, 27 older(14 M, 13 F; 69.2+8.3 years old),10 younger (5 M, 5 F; 26.1+4.1 yearsold). No evidence of stroke or majormedical or psychiatric illnessHokama et al., 15 Healthy male community volunteers.1995 57 20–55 years old. No lifetime historyof major medical, neurologic orpsychiatric illness. All right-handedParashos et al., 80 Healthy volunteers (overlap with1995 58 subjects in Coffey et al., 1992),30–91 years old, 28 M, 52 F. No lifetimehistory of neurologic or psychiatricillness. All right-handedFox et al., 1996 5911 Adult volunteers with no evidenceof memory impairment on testing,5 M, 6 F; 51.3+5.9 years old.No additional details providedJanowsky et al., 60 Healthy elderly volunteers, 66–941996 60 years old (mean 78.2), 15 M, 45 F.No major medical, neurologic, orpsychiatric illness. Handedness notspecifiedMurphy et al., 69 Healthy volunteers. 35 M (44+231996 61 years old); 34 F (50+21 years old).No major medical or psychiatricillness. All right-handedMR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volume Adjusting for head size, age associatedmeasurements derived fromwith decreased total brain volume andsemi-automated pixel segmentation gray matter volume, but not white matterand trace methodologies of intermediate volume. Correlations tended to be higherand T 2 -weighted axial imagesfor males than females, but these(5 mm thick, 2 mm gap). Highapparent differences were not analyzed.rater reliabilities (blinded status?) However, only females showed significantage-related reductions in gray matter.MR imaging (1.5 tesla). Blindedvolume measurements by single rater(reliabilities?) using computer-assistedtrace methods of T 1 -weighted coronalimages (4 mm thick, 10% gap)MR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volumemeasurements of basal ganglia usingsemi-automated computer assistedtrace methodology from T 1 -weightedcoronal and axial sections (1.5 mmthick, contiguous) by raters withestablished reliabilitiesMR imaging (1.5 tesla). Blinded areameasurements using computer-assistedtrace methodology of T 1 -weightedmidsagittal image (5 mm thick), madeby single rater with established raterreliabilitiesMR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volume measurementsusing computer-assisted pixelsegmentation of T 1 -weighted coronalimages (1.5 mm thick, contiguous).Scanning repeated at 12.8+4.3 monthsand volume differences determined fromsubtraction imagesMR imaging (1.5 tesla). Areameasurement of corpus callosumderived from computer-assisted tracemethodology. Number of raters andtheir ‘blindness’ not specifiedMR imaging (0.5 and 1.5 tesla).Blinded volume measurements usingcomputer-assisted segmentation andtrace methodology of contiguous coronalimages (5–6 mm thick). Number ofraters not specified10 Healthy male volunteers, 50.1+13.8Deshmukh et al.,MR imaging (1.5 tesla). Volume1997 62 years old. No evidence of major medical,neurologic or psychiatric illness. Nineright-handed; one left-handedmeasures using semi-automatedcomputer-assisted trace methodologyfrom 3D T 1 -weighted sagittal sections,realigned in the axial plane, by raterswith established reliabilitiesInteractions with laterality not reportedControlling for sex and head size, ageassociated with volume loss in lateraltemporal lobe (especially fusiform gyrus)and medial temporal lobe (especiallyhippocampus and parahippocampus)Age associated with decreased volumes ofcaudate and putamen, but not of globuspallidus. No correlation between basalganglia volumes and IQ as estimated byWAIS-R information subscaleAdjusting for IV, increasing age associatedwith smaller total and regional callosalareas, especially of anterior regions(males=females)Over the follow-up period, brain volumedecreased by 0.05% ( 0.03 ml)Age associated with decreased total callosalarea, anterior callosal area and middlecallosal area. Interactions with sex notreportedRelative to ‘young’ subjects (age 20–35years), ‘old’ subjects (60–85 years) hadsmaller brain matter volume ratios ofcerebellum to IV (males=females), cerebrumto IV (males>females), frontallobe to IV (males>females), temporallobe to IV (males>females), parietal lobeto IV (females>males), parieto-occipitallobe to IV (males=females), parahippocampalgyrus to IV (males=females),amygdala to IV (males=females), hippocampusto IV (females>males), thalamusto IV (males=females), lenticularnucleus to IV (males=females), andcaudate to IV (males=females). For thefrontal lobe, the right side decreasedmore than the left with age in males,but in females the left side decreasedmore than the right. For all other regions,there were no interactions withlateralityAge associated with decreased volume ofcerebellar lobules VI–VIIcontinues overleaf