Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh

ANATOMY OF THE AGING BRAIN 35Table 7.3continuedStudy Subjects Imaging and measurement technique FindingsGomori et al., 1984 21Takeda et al., 1984 82Schwartz et al., 1985 5148 Neurologically intact volunteers, CT. Linear (sum of bicaudate and28–84 years old. Subjects with minor Sylvian fissure ratios)neurological symptoms,patients with lung, breast, prostate,colon cancer but no CNS involvement.Neurologic exam normal980 Patients scheduled for CT,10–88 years old, 483 M, 497 F. Includedpatients with hypertension, diabetesmellitus, ischemic heart disease, lungdisease and renal disease. Excludedsubjects with abnormal CT30 Healthy male volunteers, 21–81 yearsold. No history of major medical,neurologic, or psychiatric illness.Handedness not specifiedPfefferbaum et al., 57 Healthy volunteers, 20–84 years old,1986 13 27 M, 30 F. No additional dataprovidedNagata, et al., 1987 83Stafford et al., 1988 22500 Patients with head CT, 10–90 yearsold. Excluded: subjects with abnormalCT79 Healthy male volunteers, 31–87 yearsold. No severe medical or psychiatricillness. Handedness not specifiedPearlson et al., 1989 84 31 Healthy elderly volunteers, 68.3+1.2years old, 15 M, 16 F. No majormedical, neurologic, or psychiatric illness.Handedness not specifiedKaye et al., 1992 85 107 Healthy volunteers, 64 M(21–90 years old); 43 F (23–88 yearsold). No major medical, neurologic,or psychiatric illness. Handednessnot specifiedCT. Volumetric. Axial slices (n=7) startingat the supraorbitomeatal line(10 mm thick, contiguous sections)CT. Volume measurements derived fromcomputer-assisted pixel segmentationtechnique (ASI-II program). Axial slices(n=7) starting from the plane of theinferior orbito-meatal line (10 mm thick,7 mm interscan gap)CT. Volume measurements derived fromcomputer-assisted pixel segmentationtechnique (modification of Gado et al.,1983). Contiguous axial slices (n=5),starting at the level of the superior roofof the orbitsCT. Volumetric. Axial slices (n=6), beginningat the level of the basal cistern(10 mm thick)CT. Volume measurements derived fromcomputer-assisted pixel segmentationtechnique (ASI-II program). Axial slices(n=3) at mid-, high- and supraventricularlevelsCT. Planimetric determination of VBRfrom films by one of two raters, eachwith established reliabilitiesCT. Volume measurements derived fromcomputer-assisted pixel segmentationtechnique (ASI-II program). Axial slices(10 mm thick, 7 mm interscan gap)CSF space increased with age; agecorrelated with the sum of the two ratios(bicaudate and Sylvian fissure, r=0.64).The sum of the ratios increased two-foldbetween ages 28–49 and 80–89, fasterafter the fifth decadeCSF space increased with age; CSF spacevolume displayed five-fold increase fromage 40 (21.0 cm 3 ) to 90 (124.3 cm 3 ).Brain atrophy index (BAI) showedsimilar increase. Both CSF space volumeand BAI were stable before age 40.Brain atrophy was accelerated in malesduring the fourth decade and the ratedecreased afterwards, while atrophy infemales proceeded with a stable ratethroughout the lifespan. Increasedvariability with ageAge correlated with areas and volumes oflateral and IIIrd ventricles, even afteradjusting for height and intracranialarea. Age correlated with VBR. Increasedvariability of ventricular sizewith age. No laterality effects. Agecorrelated with CSF volume (ventricularplus basal cisterns), even after controllingfor IV. Increased variability of CSFvolume with ageAge associated with increased ratio ofventricular volume to IV. Increasedvariability in ventricular volume withage. Interactions with sex or lateralitynot reported. Age associated with increasedratio of sulcal CSF volume toIV (from single axial slice [8 mm thick]approximately 48 mm from the level ofthe superior roof of the orbits). Ageassociated with increased variability ofsulcal CSF volume to IVCSF space increased with age; four-foldincrease in BAI between ages 50 (2.3%)and 80 (10%). BAI was stable before thesixth decade. Increased variability withageAge associated with increased ratio ofventricular–brain volume. Age associatedwith increased ratio of supraventricularCSF–brain volume. Interactionswith laterality not reported. Inversecorrelation observed between a discriminantfunction of ventricular volumemeasures and a discriminant function ofneuropsychological tests of naming andabstractionAge correlated with VBR. Interactionswith sex or laterality not reportedAge associated with increased ventricularvolume in both males and females(about 20% per decade); precipitousincreases observed beginning in the fifthdecade in males and in the sixth decadein females. Interactions with lateralitynot reportedcontinues overleaf