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Mohammed T. Abou-Saleh

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INFORMAL CARERS AND THEIR SUPPORT 333then adequate and appropriate support for these individuals iscrucial. The problem with this is that many interventions that aremeant to support carers are inadequate or have been poorlyevaluated. In particular, the effectiveness of group interventions isoften weak compared with individual interventions, and there hasbeen little evaluation of long-term benefits. Innovative approachesto caring for carers are needed, but at the same time barriers toimplementation, such as lack of readiness in carers to embodychange or inflexibility of the socioeconomic system, need to beremoved.REFERENCES1. Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995. Legal Exec 1996; 7: 42.2. Nolan M, Grant G, Caldock K, Keady J. A Framework for Assessingthe Needs of Family Carers: A Multidisciplinary Guide. Guildford:B.A.S.E. Publications, University of Surrey, in association withRapport Publications, 1994.3. Equal Opportunities Commission. 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Psychological distressamongst informal supporters of frail older people at home and ininstitutions. Int J Geriat Psychiat 1997; 12: 737–44.16. Levin E, Moriarty J, Gorbach P. Better for the Break. NationalInstitute for Social Work Research Unit. London: HMSO, 1994.17. Jerrom B, Mian I, Rukanyake NG, Prothero D. Stress on relativecaregivers of dementia sufferers, and predictors of the breakdown ofcommunity care. Int J Geriat Psychiat 1993; 8: 331–7.18. Grafstrom M, Fratiglioni L, Sandman P-O, Winblad B. Health andsocial consequences for relatives of demented and non-dementedelderly. A population-based study. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45(8):861–70.19. Vedhara K, Cox NKM, Wilcock GK et al. Chronic stress in elderlycarers of dementia patients and antibody response to influenzavaccination. Lancet 1999; 35: 627–31.20. Baumgarten M, Hanley JA, Infante-Rivard C et al. Health of familymembers caring for elderly persons with dementia. A longitudinalstudy. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 126–32.21. 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