ISSUE 14 : Jan/Feb - 1979 - Australian Defence Force Journal

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52 DEFENCE FORCE JOURNAL No. <strong>14</strong>, JAN/FEB 19d. Control then adjudicates and feeds theresult of the adjudication back to theplayer teams.e. The player teams on receiving the result ofadjudication make adjustments to theirplans, re-submit and so the cycle isrepeated.This continuing process emphasises theessential difference between a war-game and aTEWT. In a TEWT a series of problems is set.In a war-game only the initial problem is issuedto player teams. From then on it is the result ofadjudication that determines the sequence andtype of problems that are presented to theplayer teams.ControlControl has two important roles, the firstbeing game management and the second beingadjudication.• Game Management. The mostimportant area of game management is toensure that the conduct of play meets thegame objectives and to ensure that acomfortable relationship between gametime and real time exists.• Adjudication. The adjudication rules asemployed in a training war-game aredesigned to give the controller aquantitative guide to assist him to make aqualitative judgement. The basis ofadjudication in combat engagement is theFire Power Score whose value is ameasure of the Combat Power of a <strong>Force</strong>.The adjudication process employsprobabilistic rules which were obtainedfrom US training games. The rules havebeen developed from data obtained fromWorld War II and the Korean War andupdated as a result of training exercisesand improved technology.The Player's RolePlayer teams must undertake the followingactivities:• Prepare a plan with associated orders.• Cain intelligence.• As the intelligence base develops, furtherdevelope plans to cover the new situation.The Adjudicator's RoleThe adjudication sequence is as follows:• Determine physical limitations, weather,visibility;• Determine intelligence (sightings);• Adjudicate any independent engagementssuch as artillery, air or armour duals;• Adjudicate the results of combined armsengagements. A more detailed descriptionof the method of adjudication will becovered in a later article. The controlteams must at all times be aware of thedual role of control; that is, gamemanagement and adjudication.The employment of war-games intrainingWar-games may be employed in three ways:• As an aid to Instruction. In this form ofplay the war-game resembles the modelexercise employing simplifiedadjudication rules and maximum playerparticipation. Here player teams arepresented with problems pertaining toboth the Red and Blue forces with theinstructor carrying out the adjudicationand the player teams (students) reacting inturn to the adjudication and the result oftheir plan. An example of the use of thistype of play would be in providinginstruction in the Phases of War or theidentifying of movements problems atterminals.• The Testing of Concepts andProposed Doctrine. In this role theapproach to play would be more generaland imaginative, fewer players would berequired and several repeats of play mightbe required. Possible requirements forwar-games in this role would be toestablish criteria for, say, the role ofmechanised infantry, the development ofa large scale field exercise, theemployment of containers in a supplysystem and the providing of assistance toconcepts teams.• Staff Work. War-games provide trainingfor HQ staff. In this role game play mustadhere to all the requirements of standingoperating procedures and staffprocedures.Essential Requirements of Game PlayThere are three important requirements ofgame play that have to be considered. These areas follows:• the recording of game play data;• analysis of data; and
TRAINING WAR GAMES — A THIRD DIMENSION IN TRAINING 53ENDEAVOURCOLDicil IsliilI liritniiIKONHON*• computer assistance (work in this area hasalready commenced).The Recording of Game Play DataThe recording of game play is important forthe following reasons. In the developmentphase of the war-game records of play wouldprovide a data base from which the requirementfor changes in the game design could beassessed, and in the final stage would provide arecord of game play for further analysis. Asuggested method of recording game playevents would be to use a field army teleprintersystem for game play communications. The useof such a system would provide a paper taperecord of game play in a form that could beprocessed by a computer.Analysis of DataThe analysis of war-game play is a veryimportant requirement of war-gaming. If it isnot carried out correctly many man-hours ofgame play may be wasted. The method ofanalysis to be used together with what aspectsof game play are to be analysed must beconsidered in conjunction with game play andthe game objective. It would be from theanalysis of game play that study groups couldobtain the design criteria for future war-games.The validity of the design criteria wouldimprove with the number of game plays.t?Computer AssistanceAs the number of game plays increases, onearea of concern to be examined would be towhat degree a manual war-game could beautomated, in particular in the adjudicationand planning area, without effecting the criteriaof military participation. The game plays wouldbe observed and the result of game playanalysedand examined for repetitive tasks notinfluenced by military participation. These arethe areas which would benefit from computerassistance. As examples, the results of a tanktankengagement, movement planning data,stores accounting and ammunition expenditurewould all fall into this category.ConclusionWar-games are not the complete cure for allof the Army's training problems; they are onlya means to an end, but in the areas where theyare best suited, they have a lot to offer for alarge saving in cost. They provide aninexpensive means to familiarise leaders withthe complexity of battle, military decisionmakingand practise in the function ofcommand and staff relationships. They providea third dimension to training.U
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JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1979No. 14HBDEFENC
Page 3 and 4: DEFENCEFORCEJOUR NALNo. 14ISSN 0314
Page 5 and 6: ^^\Editors Commentf DEFENCE]FORCE J
Page 7 and 8: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 5applies to A
Page 9 and 10: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 7armoured cru
Page 11 and 12: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 9with the pri
Page 13 and 14: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 11BASIC DEFEN
Page 15 and 16: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 13that to arg
Page 17 and 18: The Surveillance ofnorthern-its his
Page 19 and 20: THE SURVEILLANCE OF NORTHERN AUSTRA
Page 33 and 34: THE CHALLENGE^MANAGEMENTColonel Joh
Page 35 and 36: THE CHALLENGE TO MANAGEMENT 33quant
Page 37 and 38: A PROGRAMME IN PROBLEM SOLVING 35be
Page 39 and 40: A PROGRAMME IN PROBLEM SOLVING 3713
Page 41 and 42: A PROGRAMME IN PROBLEM SOLVING 39Pe
Page 43 and 44: cA PROGRAMME IN PROBLEM SOLVING 41s
Page 45 and 46: 1^Some thoughts on AD FA •*H5F «
Page 47 and 48: SOME THOUGHTS ON ADFA4^in the commu
Page 49 and 50: NAPOLEON AND SPAIN 47proved intrans
Page 51 and 52: NAPOLEON AND SPAIN 49the occupation
Page 53: I fIfA THIRD DIMENSION TO TRAININGM
Page 57 and 58: PARACHUTE FAMILIARISATION COURSES A
Page 59 and 60: BOOK REVIEWS 57No Indian Army forma
Page 61 and 62: BOOK REVIEWS 59is based on solid ac
Page 63 and 64: BOOK REVIEWS 61cant than others, no
Page 65 and 66: BOOK REVIEWS 63There is nothing new
Page 68: • •-*
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ISSUE 14 : Jan/Feb - 1979 - Australian Defence Force Journal

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