Harpers

INDEX / 649Bronze diabetes, 587Brown adipose tissue, 217, 217fBrush border enzymes, 475BSE. See Bovine spongiform encephalopathyBuffersHenderson-Hasselbalch equationdescribing behavior of, 11, 12fweak acids and their salts as, 11–12, 12f“Bulk flow,” of membrane proteins, 507Burst-forming unit-erythroid, 610, 611fButylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), asantioxidant/food preservative, 119Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), asantioxidant/food preservative, 119Butyric acid, 112tC1–9 (complement proteins), 596C-peptide, 449, 450fC 20 polyunsaturated acids, eicosanoidsformed from, 190, 192, 193f,194fC-reactive protein, 583, 583tC regions/segments. See Constantregions/segmentsCa 2+ ATPase, 463Ca 2+ -Na + exchanger, 463, 567–568Cachexia, cancer, 136, 479Caffeine, 289, 289fhormonal regulation of lipolysis and, 215Calbindin, 477Calcidiol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol), invitamin D metabolism, 484, 485fCalciferol. See Vitamin DCalcineurin, 566tCalcinosis, 486Calcitonin, 437Calcitriol (1,25(OH) 2 -D 3 ), 437, 439f, 485calcium concentration regulated by, 485storage/secretion of, 453, 454tsynthesis of, 445, 446f, 484, 485fCalcium, 496tabsorption of, 477vitamin D metabolism and, 477, 484,484–485in blood coagulation, 599f, 600, 600t,601in bone, 549in extracellular fluid, 416, 416tin intracellular fluid, 416, 416tiron absorption affected by, 478in malignant hyperthermia, 564–565,565fmetabolism of, 463vitamin D metabolism and, 484–485in muscle contraction, 562in cardiac muscle, 566–568phosphorylase activation and, 148sarcoplasmic reticulum and, 563–564,563f, 564fin smooth muscle, 570, 571in platelet activation, 606f, 607as second messenger, 436–437, 437t,457, 463–465, 463tphosphatidylinositide metabolismaffecting, 464–465, 464f, 465fvitamin D metabolism affected by,485–486Calcium ATPase, 463, 568Calcium-binding proteins, vitamin K andglutamate carboxylation andpostsynthetic modificationand, 487–488, 488fsynthesis and, 488, 604Calcium/calmodulin, 463Calcium/calmodulin-sensitive phosphorylasekinase, in glycogenolysis, 148Calcium channels, 463. See also Calciumrelease channelin cardiac muscle, 566–567Calcium-induced calcium release, in cardiacmuscle, 567Calcium pump, 463, 568Calcium release channeldihydropyridine receptor and, 563–564,563fmutations in gene for, malignanthyperthermia caused by,564–565, 565f, 630tCalcium release channel, 563, 564fCalcium-sodium exchanger, 463Caldesmon, 571Calmodulin, 463, 463t, 562muscle phosphorylase and, 148, 149fCalmodulin-4Ca 2+ , in smooth musclecontraction, 570–571, 571fCalnexin, 508, 526Calreticulin, 508, 526Calsequestrin, 563, 563fcAMP. See Cyclic AMPCancer/cancer cells. See alsoCarcinogenesis/carcinogenscyclins and, 334glycoproteins and, 514, 526, 530t, 531hormone-dependent, vitamin B 6deficiency and, 491membrane abnormalities and, 432tmucins produced by, 520Cancer cachexia, 136, 479Cancer chemotherapyfolate inhibitors in, 494neutropenia caused by, 610synthetic nucleotide analogs in,290–291, 291fCancer phototherapy, porphyrins in,273CAP. See Catabolite gene activator proteinCaproic acid, 112tCarbamates, hemoglobin, 44Carbamoyl phosphateexcess, 301free energy of hydrolysis of, 82tin urea synthesis, 245, 246–247, 246f,247Carbamoyl phosphate synthase Ideficiency of, 247in urea synthesis, 245–246, 246fCarbamoyl phosphate synthase II, in pyrimidinesynthesis, 296, 298f, 299Carbohydrates, 102–110. See also specifictype and Glucose; Sugarsin cell membranes, 110cell surface, glycolipids and, 116classification of, 102, 102tcomplex (glycoconjugate), glycoproteinsas, 514digestion and absorption of, 474–475,475finterconvertibility of, 231isomerism of, 102–104, 103fin lipoproteins, 110metabolism of, 122–123, 122f, 123f,124–125, 125fdiseases associated with, 102vitamin B 1 (thiamin) in, 488–489,489fin proteoglycans, 542, 543, 543fCarbon dioxidecitric acid cycle in production of,130–133, 132ftransport of, by hemoglobin, 44, 45fCarbon monoxideheme catabolism producing, 278oxidative phosphorylation/respiratorychain affected by, 92, 95, 96fCarbon skeleton, amino acid. See Aminoacid carbon skeletonsCarbonic acid, pK/pK a value of, 12tCarbonic anhydrase, in osteopetrosis, 552Carboxybiotin, 494, 495fγ-Carboxyglutamate, vitamin K in synthesisof, 487, 488fCarboxyl terminal repeat domain, 350Carboxylase enzymes, biotin as coenzymeof, 494–495Carboxypeptidases, 477Carboxyproteinase, procollagen, 537Carcinogenesis/carcinogens, 631chemical, 631cytochrome P450 induction and, 628indirect, 631Carcinoid (argentaffinoma), serotonin in,266–267Carcinoid syndrome, 490Cardiac developmental defects, 570Cardiac glycosides, 106Cardiac muscle, 556, 566–570, 568t, 569tCardiolipin, 115, 115fsynthesis of, 197, 197f, 199, 199fCardiomyopathies, 556, 569–570, 569tCargo proteins/molecules, 510in export, 503in import, 501, 502f