Harpers

682 / INDEXProtein folding, 36–37, 37fchaperones and, 499, 507–508, 508tafter denaturation, 36Protein kinase A (PKA), 460, 462fProtein kinase B (PKB), in insulin signaltransmission, 465, 466fProtein kinase C (PKC)in calcium-dependent signaltransduction, 464, 464fin platelet activation, 606f, 607Protein kinase D1, in insulin signaltransmission, 466f, 467Protein kinase-phosphatase cascade, assecond messenger, 437, 437tProtein kinases, 77in cAMP-dependent signal transduction,460–461, 462fin cGMP-dependent signal transduction,463deficiency of, 151–152DNA-dependent, in double-strand breakrepair, 338in glycogen metabolism, 147–148, 149f,151, 151fin hormonal regulation, 436, 465–468of lipolysis, 215, 216fin initiation of protein synthesis, 365in insulin signal transmission, 465–467,466fin Jak/STAT pathway, 467, 467fin NF-κB pathway, 468, 468fin protein phosphorylation, 77, 78fProtein-lipid respiratory chain complexes,93Protein-losing gastroenteropathy, 582Protein phosphatase-1, 147, 148, 149f, 151,151fProtein phosphatases, 77. See alsoPhosphatasesProtein profiling, 412Protein-RNA complexes, in initiation,365–367, 366fProtein S, in blood coagulation, 600t, 603Protein sequencingEdman reaction in, 25, 26fgenomics and, 28mass spectrometry in, 27, 27f, 27tmolecular biology in, 25–26peptide purification for, 21–24polypeptide cleavage and, 25, 26tproteomics and, 28–29purification for, 21–24, 22f, 23f, 24f,25fSanger’s method of, 24–25Protein sorting, 498–513chaperones and, 507–508, 508tcotranslational insertion and, 505–506,506fdisorders due to mutations in genesencoding, 512t, 513Golgi apparatus in, 498, 500f, 507, 509importins and exportins in, 501–503,502fKDEL amino acid sequence and,506–507, 508tmembrane assembly and, 511–513,512f, 512tmitochondria in, 499–501, 501fperoxisomes/peroxisome disorders and,503, 503tprotein destination and, 507, 507f, 508tretrograde transport and, 507signal hypothesis of polyribosome bindingand, 503–505, 504t, 505fsignal sequences and, 492f, 498–499,499ftransport vesicles and, 508–511, 509t,510fProtein turnover, 74, 242membranes affecting, 511rate of enzyme degradation and, 74Proteinases. See Proteases/proteinasesProteins. See also specific type and Peptidesβ-turns in, 32, 34facute phase, 583, 583tnegative, vitamin A as, 483–484L-α-amino acids in, 14asymmetry of, membrane assembly and,511, 512fbinding, 454–455, 454t, 455tcatabolism of, 242–248classification of, 30configuration of, 30conformation of, 30peptide bonds affecting, 20core, 542, 543fin glycosaminoglycan synthesis,542–543degradation of, to amino acids, 242, 243fdenaturation ofprotein refolding and, 36temperature and, 63dietarydigestion and absorption of, 477metabolism of, in fed state, 232requirements for, 479–480dimeric, 34domains of, 33–34encoding of by human genome, 636,637tin extracellular and intracellular fluid,416, 416tfibrous, 30collagen as, 38function of, bioinformatics inidentification of, 28–29fusion, in enzyme study, 58, 59fglobular, 30Golgi apparatus in glycosylation andsorting of, 509import of, by mitochondria, 499–501,501tloss of in trauma/infection, 480in membranes, 419, 420t, 514. See alsoGlycoproteins; Membraneproteinsratio of to lipids, 416, 416fmodular principals in construction of, 30monomeric, 34phosphorylation of, 76, 77–79, 78f, 78t.See also Phosphorylationposttranslational modification of, 30,37–39, 38f, 371purification of, 21–24receptors as, 431, 436soluble, 30structure of, 31–36diseases associated with disorders of,37folding and, 36–37, 37fhigher orders of, 30–39molecular modeling and, 36nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyin analysis of, 35–36primary, 21–29, 31. See also Primarystructureprion diseases associated withalteration of, 37quaternary, 33–35, 35fsecondary, 31, 31–33, 31f, 32f, 33f,34fsupersecondary motifs and, 33tertiary, 33–35, 35fx-ray crystallography in analysis of, 35synthesis of, 358–373. See also Proteinsortingamino acids in, 124, 124felongation in, 367–370, 368fenvironmental threats affecting, 370in fed state, 232genetic code/RNA and, 307–308,309t, 358–363. See also Geneticcodeinhibition of by antibiotics, 371–372,372finitiation of, 365–367, 366f, 367fby mitochondria, 499–501, 501tmodular principles in, 30polysomes in, 370, 498, 499fposttranslational processing and, 371in ribosomes, 126, 127frecognition and attachment (charging)in, 360, 360frecombinant DNA techniques for,407reticulocytes in, 611termination of, 369f, 370translocation and, 368viruses affecting, 370–371, 371ftransmembraneion channels as, 423–424, 425f, 426tin red cells, 615–616, 615f, 616f,616t