Harpers

690 / INDEXTRAM-1 coactivator, 472, 472tTrans fatty acids, 113–114, 192Transaldolase, 166Transaminases. See AminotransferasesTransamination, 124, 124fin amino acid carbon skeleton catabolism,249–250, 249f, 250f, 251fcitric acid cycle in, 133–134, 134fin urea biosynthesis, 243–244, 243fTranscortin (corticosteroid-bindingglobulin), 454–455, 455tTranscript profiling, 412Transcription, 306, 350–352, 351t, 414activators and coactivators in control of,351, 351tbacterial promoters in, 345–346, 345fcontrol of fidelity and frequency of,344–350eukaryotic promoters in, 346–349, 347f,348f, 349fin gene expression regulation, 383–387,391, 392t. See also Geneexpressionhormonal regulation of, 457, 458f,468–473, 470f, 471f, 472tinitiation of, 342–343, 342fNF-κB in regulation of, 468, 469fnuclear receptor coregulators in,471–473, 472trecombinant DNA technology and, 397,398fretinoic acid in regulation of, 483reverse, 414in retroviruses, 308, 332–333in RNA synthesis, 306, 307f, 341–343,342fTranscription complex, eukaryotic, 306,350–352, 351tTranscription control elements, 351, 351tTranscription domains, definition of,387Transcription factors, 351, 351tnuclear receptor superfamily, 469–471,471f, 472tTranscription start sites, alternative,393–394Transcription unit, 342, 345fTranscriptional intermediary factor 2 (TIF2coactivator), 472, 472tTranscriptome information, 412, 414Transfection, identification ofenhancers/regulatory elementsand, 386Transfer RNA (tRNA), 308, 310, 312f,341, 342t, 360–361, 361f. Seealso RNAaminoacyl, in protein synthesis, 368anticodon region of, 359processing and modification of, 355, 356suppressor, 363Transferases, 50Transferrin, 478, 583t, 584–586, 585f,585tTransferrin receptor, 586Transfusion, ABO blood group and, 618Transgenic animals, 385, 411–412, 414enhancers/regulatory elements identifiedin, 386Transglutaminase, in blood coagulation,600, 600t, 602, 603fTranshydrogenase, proton-translocating, assource of intramitochondrialNADPH, 99Transient insertion signal. See SignalpeptideTransition mutations, 361, 361fTransition state intermediate, tetrahedal, inacid-base catalysis, 52, 53fTransition states, 61Transition temperature/meltingtemperature (T m ), 305, 422Transketolase, 163–166, 165f, 170erythrocyte, in thiamin nutritional statusassessment, 489thiamin diphosphate in reactionsinvolving, 166, 170, 488–489Translation, 358, 414Translocase-of-the-inner membrane, 499Translocase-of-the-outer membrane, 499Translocating chain-associated membrane(TRAM) protein, 504Translocation, protein, 499Translocation complexes, 499Translocon, 504Transmembrane proteins, 419ion channels as, 423–424, 425f, 426tin red cells, 615–616, 615f, 616f, 616tTransmembrane signaling, 415, 431in platelet activation, 606, 606fTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies(prion diseases), 37Transport proteins, 454–456, 454t, 455t,583tTransport systems/transporters. See alsospecific typeactive, 423, 423t, 424f, 426–427,427–428, 428fADP/ATP, 95, 98fATP-binding cassette, 210, 211fin cotranslational insertion, 506, 506fdisorders associated with mutations ingenes encoding, 512t, 513exchange, 98–100, 98f, 99ffacilitated diffusion, 423, 423t, 424f,426–427, 427, 427fglucose. See Glucose transportersin inner mitochondrial membrane,98–100, 98f, 99fmembrane, 426–431, 426ffor nucleotide sugars, 517Transport vesicles, 498, 508–511, 509t,510fTransposition, 324–325retroposons/retrotransposons and, 321,637Transthyretin, 583t, 590Transverse asymmetry, 511Transversion mutations, 361, 361fTRAPs, 472t, 473Trauma, protein loss and, 480TRE. See Thyroid hormone responseelementTrehalase, 475Trehalose, 107tTRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormoneTriacylglycerols (triglycerides), 114, 115f,205digestion and absorption of, 475–477,476fexcess of. See Hypertriacylglycerolemiainterconvertability of, 231in lipoprotein core, 205, 207fmetabolism of, 123, 123f, 125–126,126fin adipose tissue, 214–215, 214ffatty liver and, 212, 213fhepatic, 211–212, 213fhigh-density lipoproteins in,209–211, 211fhydrolysis in, 197reduction of serum levels of, drugs for,229synthesis of, 198f, 199transport of, 207, 208f, 209f, 210fTricarboxylate anions, transporter systemsfor, 98–99lipogenesis regulation and, 178Tricarboxylic acid cycle. See Citric acidcycleTriglycerides. See TriacylglycerolsTriiodothyronine (T 3 ), 438, 447storage/secretion of, 453, 454tsynthesis of, 447–449, 448ftransport of, 454, 454tTrimethoprim, 494Trinucleotide repeat expansions, 322Triokinase, 167, 169fTriose phosphates, acylation of, 123Trioses, 102, 102tTriphosphates, nucleoside, 287, 287fTriple helix structure, of collagen, 38, 38f,535–539, 536fTriplet code, genetic code as, 358, 359ttRNA. See Transfer RNATropocollagen, 38, 38fTropoelastin, 539Tropomyosin, 557, 559f, 562in red cell membranes, 616tas striated muscle inhibitor, 563Troponin/troponin complex, 557, 559f,562as striated muscle inhibitor, 563Troponin C, 562