Harpers

INDEX / 691Troponin I, 562Troponin T, 562Trypsin, 477conserved residues and, 55tin digestion, 477for polypeptide cleavage, 25, 26tTrypsinogen, 477Tryptophan, 16t, 266–267, 490catabolism of, 257f, 258, 258fdeficiency of, 490niacin synthesized from, 490permeability coefficient of, 419frequirements for, 480Tryptophan oxygenase/L-tryptophanoxygenase (tryptophanpyrrolase), 89, 257f, 258TSEs. See Transmissible spongiformencephalopathiesTSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormoneα-Tubulin, 577β-Tubulin, 577γ-Tubulin, 577Tumor cells, migration of, hyaluronic acidand, 548Tumor suppressor genes, p53, 339Tunicamycin, 527, 527tβ-Turn, 32, 34fTwin lamb disease. See Pregnancy toxemiaof ewesTwitch fibers, slow (red) and fast (white),574–576, 575tTwo-dimensional electrophoresis, proteinexpression and, 28TXs. See ThromboxanesTyk-2, in Jak-STAT pathway, 467Type A response, in gene expression, 374,375fType B response, in gene expression,374–375, 375fType C response, in gene expression, 375,375fTyrosine, 15t, 16t, 267, 267fcatabolism of, 254f, 255epinephrine and norepinephrine formedfrom, 267, 267fin hemoglobin M, 46in hormone synthesis, 438, 439–449,439tphosphorylated, 264requirements for, 480synthesis of, 239, 240fTyrosine aminotransferase, defect in, intyrosinemia, 255Tyrosine hydroxylase, catecholaminebiosynthesis and, 446, 447fTyrosine kinasein insulin signal transmission, 465–467,466fin Jak/STAT pathway, 467, 467fTyrosinemia, 255Tyrosinosis, 255Ubiquinone (Q/coenzyme Q), 92, 95f, 118in cholesterol synthesis, 220, 221fUDP-glucose. See Uridine diphosphateglucoseUDPGal. See Uridine diphosphate galactoseUDPGlc. See Uridine diphosphate glucoseUFA (unesterified fatty acids). See Free fattyacidsUlcers, 474Ultraviolet lightnucleotide absorption of, 290nucleotide excision-repair of DNAdamage caused by, 337vitamin D synthesis and, 484, 485fUMP (uridine monophosphate), 288f, 288tUncouplers/uncoupling proteinsin respiratory chain, 95, 96fchemiosmotic theory of action of, 97undernutrition and, 479Undernutrition, 474, 478–479Unequal crossover, 324, 324fUnesterified fatty acids. See Free fatty acidsUniport systems, 426, 426fUnique-sequence (nonrepetitive) DNA,320, 320–321Universal donor/universal recipient, 618Unsaturated fatty acids, 111, 112, 113t. Seealso Fatty acidscis double bonds in, 112–114, 114fdietary, cholesterol levels affected by,227eicosanoids formed from, 190, 192,193f, 194fessential, 190, 190f, 193abnormal metabolism of, 195–196deficiency of, 191–192, 194–195prostaglandin production and, 190in membranes, 417, 418fmetabolism of, 190–192oxidation of, 183structures of, 190fsynthesis of, 191, 191fUnwinding, DNA, 326, 326–327RNA synthesis and, 344Uracil, 288tdeoxyribonucleosides of, in pyrimidinesynthesis, 296–297, 298fUrate, as antioxidant, 119Ureaamino acid metabolism and, 124, 124fnitrogen catabolism producing,242–243, 245–247, 246fpermeability coefficient of, 419fsynthesis of, 243–244, 243f, 244fmetabolic disorders associated with,247–248gene therapy for, 248Uric acid, 289purine catabolism in formation of, 299,299fUridine, 287f, 288tUridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine(UDP-GalNAc), 516tUridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine(UDP-GlcNAc), 516tUridine diphosphate galactose (UDPGal),167, 516–517, 516tUridine diphosphate galactose (UDPGal)4-epimerase, 167, 170finherited defects in, 172Uridine diphosphate glucose(UDP/UDPGlc), 145, 147f,516, 516tin glycogen biosynthesis, 145, 146fUridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase,166, 168fUridine diphosphate glucosepyrophosphorylase, 166, 168fin glycogen biosynthesis, 145, 146fUridine diphosphate-glucuronate/glucuronicacid, 166–167, 168f, 290Uridine diphosphate xylose (UDP-Xyl),516tUridine monophosphate (UMP), 288f,288tUridine triphosphate (UTP), in glycogenbiosynthesis, 145, 146fUridyl transferase deficiency, 172Urobilinogensconjugated bilirubin reduced to, 281,282fin jaundice, 284, 284tnormal values for, 284tUrocanic aciduria, 250Urokinase, 605, 605fUronic acid pathway, 163, 166–167, 168fdisruption of, 170Uronic acids, 109in heparin, 545, 545fUroporphyrinogen I, 271, 274f, 275fUroporphyrinogen I synthase, in porphyria,277tUroporphyrinogen III, 271, 274f, 275fUroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, 271,275fin porphyria, 277tUroporphyrins, 270, 271f, 272fspectrophotometry in detection of,273–274UTP, in phosphorylation, 85V8 protease, for polypeptide cleavage, forpolypeptide cleavage, 25, 26tv i . See Initial velocityV max . See Maximal velocityV region/segment. See Variable regions/segmentsv-SNARE proteins, 509, 511Valeric acid, 112tValine, 15tcatabolism of, 259, 260f, 262f