Harpers

INDEX / 655Detoxification, 626cytochrome P450 system in, 89–90, 90f,626–628, 629tDextrinosis, limit, 152tDextrins, 109Dextrose, 104DHA. See Docosahexaenoic acidDHEA. See DehydroepiandrosteroneDHPR. See Dihydropyridine receptorDHT. See DihydrotestosteroneDiabetes mellitus, 102, 161–162fatty liver and, 212free fatty acid levels in, 206hemochromatosis and, 587insulin resistance and, 611ketosis/ketoacidosis in, 188lipid transport and storage disorders and,205lipogenesis in, 173as metabolic disease, 122, 231starvation and, 236Diabetic cataract, 172Diacylglycerol, 115, 475, 476fin calcium-dependent signaltransduction, 464, 465fformation of, 197f, 198fin platelet activation, 606, 606fin respiratory burst, 623Diacylglycerol acyltransferase, 198f, 199Diagnostic enzymology, 57, 57tDicarboxylate anions, transporter systemsfor, 98–99Dicarboxylic aciduria, 188Dicumarol (4-hydroxydicoumarin), 486Dielectric constant, of water, 5Diet. See also Nutritionblood glucose regulation and, 159–161cholesterol levels affected by, 227hepatic VLDL secretion and, 211–212,213fhigh-fat, fatty liver and, 212Diet-induced thermogenesis, 217, 478Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA),as preventive antioxidant, 119Diffusionfacilitated, 423, 423t, 424f, 426–427,427, 427fof bilirubin, 280of glucose. See also Glucosetransportersinsulin affecting, 427in red cell membrane, 611hormones in regulation of, 427“Ping-Pong” model of, 427, 427fnet, 423, 424fpassive, 423, 423t, 424fsimple, 423, 423t, 424fDigestion, 474–480DigitalisCa 2+ -Na + exchanger in action of, 568Na + -K + ATPase affected by, 428, 568Dihydrobiopterin, defect in synthesis of, 255Dihydrobiopterin reductase, defect in, 255Dihydrofolate/dihydrofolate reductase,methotrexate affecting, 296–297,494Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, 140, 141fDihydrolipoyl transacetylase, 140, 141fDihydropyridine receptor, 563–564, 563f,564fDihydrotestosterone, 442, 444fbinding of, 455tDihydroxyacetone, 106fDihydroxyacetone phosphate, in glycolysis,197, 197f, 198f1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . See Calcitriol24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (24-hydroxycalcidiol),in vitamin Dmetabolism, 484, 485fDiiodotyrosine (DIT), 447, 448f, 449Dilated cardiomyopathy, 570Dimercaprol (BAL), respiratory chainaffected by, 95, 96fDimeric proteins, 34DimersCro protein, 380, 381fhistone, 315lambda repressor (cI) protein, 380, 381fDimethylallyl diphosphate, in cholesterolsynthesis, 219, 221fDimethylaminoadenine, 289fDinitrophenol, respiratory chain affectedby, 95, 96fDinucleotide, 291Dioxygenases, 89Dipalmitoyl lecithin, 115Dipeptidases, 477Diphosphates, nucleoside, 287, 287fDiphosphatidylglycerol. See CardiolipinDiphtheria toxin, 372Dipoles, water forming, 5, 6fDisaccharidases, 102, 475Disaccharides, 106–107, 107f, 107t. Seealso specific typeDiseasebiochemical basis of, 2, 3tHuman Genome Project and, 3–4major causes of, 3tDisplacement reactionsdouble, 69–70, 69fsequential (single), 69, 69fDissociation, of water, 8–9Dissociation constant, 8–9Michaelis constant (K m ) and, 66in pH calculation, 10of weak acids, 10–11, 12Distal histidine (histidine E7), in oxygenbinding, 40, 41fDisulfide bonds, protein folding and, 37DIT. See DiiodotyrosineDiurnal rhythm, in cholesterol synthesis,220Diversityantibody, 592, 593–594combinatorial, 592in gene expression, 387, 388fjunctional, 593–594Diversity segment, DNA rearrangementand, 593–594DNA, 303, 303–306, 314–340base excision-repair of, 336t, 337, 337fbase pairing in, 7, 303, 304, 305fmatching of for renaturation, 305–306recombinant DNA technology and,396–397replication/synthesis and, 328–330,330fbinding of to regulatory proteins, motifsfor, 387–390, 388t, 389f, 390f,391fblunt-ended, 398, 399–400, 400f, 413in chromatin, 314–318, 315f, 315t,317f, 318fchromosomal, 318–319, 319f, 319t,320f, 321frelationship of to mRNA, 321fcoding regions of, 319, 321f, 637complementarity of, 306, 307frecombinant DNA technology and,396–397damage to, 335, 335trepair of, 335–339, 335t, 336tADP-ribosylation for, 490deletions in, recombinant DNA technologyin detection of, 409, 409tdepurination of, base excision-repair and,337double-strand break repair of, 336t,337–338, 338fdouble-stranded, 304flanking sequence, 397genetic information contained in,303–306grooves in, 305f, 306insertions in, recombinant DNAtechnology in detection of, 409integrity of, monitoring, 339“jumping,” 325mismatch repair of, 36f, 336, 336f,336tmitochondrial, 322–323, 322f, 323tmutations in, 314, 323–326, 323f, 324f,325f. See also Mutationsin nucleosomes, 315–316, 316fnucleotide excision-repair of, 336, 337,338frearrangements ofin antibody diversity, 325–326, 393,593–594recombinant DNA technology indetection of, 409, 409trecombinant. See Recombinant DNA/recombinant DNA technology