Harpers

660 / INDEXFibroblast growth factor receptor 3, achondroplasiacaused by mutationin gene for, 551t, 554, 554fFibroblast growth factor receptors, chondrodysplasiascaused by mutationin gene for, 551t, 554, 554fFibroblast growth factors (FGFs), 554Fibronectin, 535, 537–538, 540, 541fFibrous proteins, 30collagen as, 38Figlu. See FormiminoglutamateFinal common pathway of bloodcoagulation, 599, 601, 602fFingerprinting, DNA, 413FISH. See Fluorescence in situ hybridizationFish-eye disease, 228t5′ cap, mRNA modification and, 355Flanking-sequence DNA, 397Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 86–87,290t, 489in citric acid cycle, 133Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 50, 86–87,489Flavoproteinselectron-transferring, 87as oxidases, 86–87, 88fFlip-flop rate, phospholipid, membraneasymmetry and, 420Flippases, membrane asymmetry and, 420Fluid mosaic model, 421f, 422Fluid-phase pinocytosis, 429–430, 429fFluidity, membrane, 422Fluorescence, of porphyrins, 273–274,277fFluorescence in situ hybridization, in genemapping, 406–407, 407t,635tFluoride, 496tFluoroacetate, 130, 132f1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (Sanger’sreagent), for polypeptidesequencing, 255-Fluorouracil, 290, 291f, 297Flux-generating reaction, 129FMN. See Flavin mononucleotideFolate. See Folic acidFolate trap, 492f, 494Foldingpolar and charged group positioning and,6protein, 36–37, 37fafter denaturation, 36Folic acid (folate/pteroylglutamic acid),482t, 492–494, 493fcoenzymes derived from, 51deficiency of, 250, 482t, 494functional, 492, 494forms of in diet, 492, 493finhibitors of metabolism of, 494supplemental, 494Folinic acid, 493Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 437,438, 439fFootprinting, DNA, 413Forbes’ disease, 152tForensic medicinepolymerase chain reaction (PCR) in,405restriction fragment lengthpolymorphisms (RFLPs) in, 411variable numbers of tandemly repeatedunits (VNTRs) in, 411Formic acid, pK/pK a value of, 12tFormiminoglutamate, in histidinecatabolism, 250, 251fFormyl-tetrahydrofolate, 493, 493f, 49443S initiation complex, in protein synthesis,365, 366f43S preinitiation complex, in proteinsynthesis, 365, 366fFPA/FPB. See Fibrinopeptides A and BFrameshift mutations, 363, 364fABO blood group and, 619Framework regions, 592Free amino acids, absorption of, 477Free energychanges in, 80–81chemical reaction direction and,60–61coupling and, 81–82, 81f, 82fenzymes affecting, 63equilibrium state and, 60–61redox potential and, 86, 87ttransition states and, 61of hydrolysis of ATP, 82–83, 82tliberation of as heat, 95Free fatty acids, 111, 180, 205, 206tin fatty liver, 212glucose metabolism affecting, 215insulin affecting, 215ketogenesis regulation and, 186–187,187f, 188flipogenesis affected by, 177–178, 177fmetabolism of, 206–207starvation and, 232–234, 234f, 234tFree polyribosomes, protein synthesis on,498, 506. See alsoPolyribosomesFree radicals (reactive oxygen species). Seealso Antioxidantshydroperoxidases in protection against,88in kwashiorkor, 479lipid peroxidation producing, 118–119,120fin oxygen toxicity, 90–91, 611–613,613txenobiotic cell injury and, 631, 631fD-Fructofuranose, 103fFructokinase, 167, 169fdeficiency of, 171–172D-Fructopyranose, 103fFructoseabsorption of, 475, 475fin diabetic cataract, 172glycemic index of, 474hepatichyperlipidemia/hyperuricemia and,170–171metabolism affected by, 167, 169firon absorption affected by, 478metabolism of, 167, 169fdefects in, 171–172pyranose and furanose forms of, 103fD-Fructose, 105t, 106fFructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 156t, 166deficiency of, 171–172Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, 157, 158fin covalent catalysis, 54, 55fFructose-1,6-bisphosphatein gluconeogenesis, 153, 154fin glycolysis, 137, 138fFructose-2,6-bisphosphate, 157–158,158fFructose intolerance, hereditary, 171Fructose 6-phosphatefree energy of hydrolysis of, 82tin gluconeogenesis, 153, 154fin glycolysis, 137, 138fFructosuria, essential, 163, 171–172FSF. See Fibrin stabilizing factorFSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormoneFucose, in glycoproteins, 516tFucosidosis, 532–533, 533tFucosylated oligosaccharides, selectinsbinding, 530Fucosyltransferase/fucosyl (Fuc) transferase,618Fumarase (fumarate hydratase), 132f, 133Fumarate, 132f, 133in tyrosine catabolism, 254, 255fin urea synthesis, 246f, 247Fumarylacetoacetate, in tyrosine catabolism,254f, 255Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, defect at, intyrosinemia, 255Functional groupsamino acid chemical reactions affectedby, 18–20amino acid properties affected by, 18physiologic significance of, 10–11pK of, medium affecting, 13Functional plasma enzymes, 57. See alsoEnzymesFuranose ring structures, 103f, 104Fusion proteins, recombinant, in enzymestudy, 58, 59fFXR. See Farnesoid X receptor∆G. See Free energy∆G 0 , 60, 61, 81∆G D , 61