Harpers

664 / INDEXGlycoproteins (cont.)hybrid, 521, 522fformation of, 521immunoglobulins as, 593membrane asymmetry and, 420N-linked, 518, 519f, 521–527nucleotide sugars, 516–517, 516tO-linked, 518, 518–520, 519f, 520f,520t, 521toligosaccharide chains of, 514red cell membrane, 615, 615fsugars in, 515–517, 516ttechniques for study of, 514, 515tasialoglycoprotein receptor in, 517glycosidases in, 517, 517tlectins in, 517–518, 518tin zona pellucida, 528Glycosaminoglycans, 109, 109f, 542,542–547. See also specific typeamino sugars in, 106deficiencies of enzymes in degradation of,545–547, 546t, 547fdisease associations of, 548–549distributions of, 543–545, 544f, 544tfunctions of, 547–549, 548tstructural differences among, 543–545,544f, 544t, 545fsynthesis of, 542–543Glycosidases, in glycoprotein analysis, 517Glycosides, 105–106β-N-Glycosidic bond, 286, 287fGlycosphingolipids (glycolipids), 111, 116,117f, 201–202, 203fABO blood group and, 618amino sugars in, 169, 171fgalactose in synthesis of, 167–169, 170fin membranes, 417membrane asymmetry and, 420Glycosuria, 161N-Glycosylases, in base excision-repair, 337,337fGlycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ), 47Glycosylationof collagen, 537congenital disorders of, 531, 531tin covalent modification, mass increasesand, 27tinhibitors of, 527, 527tnucleotide sugars in, 516–517, 516tN-Glycosylation, 521–527, 523f, 524f,525f, 526tdolichol-P-P-oligosaccharide in,521–524, 523fin endoplasmic reticulum, 524–525,525fglycan intermediates formed during, 526in Golgi apparatus, 524–525, 525finhibition of, 527, 527tregulation of, 526–527, 527ttunicamycin affecting, 527, 527tO-Glycosylation, 520, 521fGlycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored(GPI-anchored/GPI-linked)glycoproteins, 518, 519f,527–528, 528tin paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria,531, 531fGlycosyltransferases, glycoprotein, 520,526–527Glypiation, 528GM-CSF. See Granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulating factorG M1 ganglioside, 116, 117fG M3 ganglioside, 116GMP, 288t, 297fcyclic, 289f, 290as second messenger, 290, 436, 437t,457, 462–463IMP conversion to, 293, 296ffeedback-regulation of, 294, 296fPRPP glutamyl amidotransferaseregulated by, 294Golgi apparatuscore protein synthesis in, 543glycosylation and, 509, 524–525, 525fin membrane synthesis, 509in protein sorting, 498, 500f, 509in VLDL formation. 213fretrograde transport from, 507Gout/gouty arthritis, 299GPIIb-IIIa, in platelet activation, 607, 622tGPCRs. See G protein-coupled receptorsGPI-anchored/linked glycoproteins, 518,519f, 527–528, 528tin paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria,531, 531fGranulocyte-colony stimulating factor, 610Granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulatingfactor, 610Granulomatous disease, chronic, 623, 623fGranulosa cells, hormones produced by,442Gratuitous inducers, 378GRE. See Glucocorticoid response elementGRIP1 coactivator, 472, 472tGroup transfer potential, 83, 83fof nucleoside triphosphates, 289–290,289f, 290f, 290tGroup transfer reactions, 8Growth factors, hematopoietic, 610Growth hormone, 437, 438amino acid transport affected by, 427localization of gene for, 407treceptor for, 436GSH. See GlutathioneGSLs. See GlycosphingolipidsGST (glutathione S-transferase) tag, inenzyme study, 58, 59fGTP, 290cyclic GMP formed from, 462in phosphorylation, 85GTPases, 459GTP-γ-S, vesicle coating and, 510Guanine, 288tGuanine activating proteins, 501, 502fGuanine nucleotide exchange factors, 501,502fGuanosine, 287f, 288tbase pairing of in DNA, 303, 304, 305fin uric acid formation, 299, 299fGuanosine diphosphate fucose (GDP-Fuc),516tGuanosine diphosphate mannose(GDP-Man), 516t, 517Guanosine monophosphate. See GMPGuanylyl cyclase, 462, 463Gyrase, bacterial, 306Gyrate atrophy of retina, 250H bands, 556, 557f, 558fH blood group substance, 618, 619fH chains. See Heavy chainsH1 histones, 314, 315fH2A histones, 314, 315H2B histones, 314, 315H3 histones, 314, 314–315H4 histones, 314, 314–315H 2 S. See Hydrogen sulfideH substance, ABO blood group and, 618Haber-Weiss reaction, 612Hageman factor (factor XII), 599f, 600,600tHairpin, 306, 309f, 413Half lifeenzyme, 242protein, 242plasma protein, 582Halt-transfer signal, 506Hapten, in xenobiotic cell injury, 631,631fHaptoglobin, 583t, 584, 584fHartnup disease, 258, 490HAT activity. See Histone acetyltransferaseactivityHbA (hemoglobin A), P 50 of, 42HbA 1c (glycosylated hemoglobin), 47HbF (fetal hemoglobin), P 50 of, 42HbM (hemoglobin M), 46, 363, 614HbS (hemoglobin S), 46, 46f, 363hCG. See Human chorionic gonadotropinHDL. See High-density lipoproteinsHealth, normal biochemical processes asbasis of, 2–4, 3tHeartdevelopmental defects of, 570metabolism in, 235tthiamin deficiency affecting, 489Heart disease, coronary (ischemic). See alsoAtherosclerosischolesterol and, 227Heart failure, 556in thiamin deficiency, 489