Progress Amid Resistance

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SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSxiEgyptNehad Abul Komsan, Director, Egyptian Center for Women’sRights, CairoIraqSundus Abass, Director, Women in Leadership Institute, ErbilJordanIbtesam al-Atiyat, Professor, Department of Anthropology andSociology, St. Olaf CollegeKuwaitLubna al-Kazi, Professor, Department of Sociology,Kuwait UniversityLebanonLina Abou-Habib, Director, Collective for Research and Trainingon Development Action, BeirutMarie-Rose Zalzal, human rights lawyerMoroccoSouad Eddouada, Professor, Cultural and Gender Studies,Iben Tofail University, KenitraOmanEbtisam al-Kitbi, Professor, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences,United Arab Emirates UniversityDawn Chatty, Deputy Director, Refugee Studies Centre;University Reader in Anthropology and Forced Migration,University of OxfordPalestineSoraida Hussein, Director of Research, Centre for Legal Aid andCounseling, RamallahQatarMona al-Mutawa, attorney, Al-Mutawa Law Firm; foundingmember, Qatari Bar AssociationSaudi ArabiaMay al-Dabbagh, Research Fellow and Lecturer, Director of theGender and Public Policy Program, Dubai School of GovernmentTunisiaMounira Charrad, Professor, Department of Sociology and MiddleEastern Studies, University of Texas at Austin
xii SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSUnited Arab EmiratesRima Sabban, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Zayed University,DubaiYemenWameedh Shakir, Gender Program Officer, Legal Protection andAdvocacy Program, OXFAM, Sana’aLegal AdvisorBadria al-Awadhi, attorney; former Dean of the Faculty of Law,Kuwait University
Page 2: women’s rightsin the middle easta
Page 5: Published by Rowman & Littlefield P
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCompletion of the W
Page 10 and 11: SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSFreedom House St
Page 14 and 15: HARD-WON PROGRESS AND A LONG ROAD A
Page 28 and 29: APPENDIXSUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY COUN
Page 30 and 31: APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY CO
Page 32 and 33: APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY CO
Page 34: APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY CO
Page 37 and 38: 24 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE E
Page 39 and 40: 26 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE E
Page 42 and 43: •★algeriaby Nadia MarzoukiPOPUL
Page 44 and 45: ALGERIA 31objections of human right
Page 46 and 47: ALGERIA 33Civil laws and policies a
Page 48 and 49: ALGERIA 35the father and the mother
Page 50 and 51: ALGERIA 37Women are permitted to tr
Page 52 and 53: ALGERIA 39travel abroad with their
Page 54 and 55: ALGERIA 41International organizatio
Page 56 and 57: ALGERIA 43negative stereotypes and
Page 58 and 59: ALGERIA 45Algerian women are free t
Page 60 and 61: ALGERIA 47the effort should address
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ALGERIA 49Few women hold leadership
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ALGERIA 51SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHT
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ALGERIA 5316 percent work for weekl
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ALGERIA 5511The group is named afte
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ALGERIA 5741See Algerian National C
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60 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE E
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★•egyptby Mariz TadrosPOPULATIO
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EGYPT 91included crucial steps towa
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EGYPT 93Activists continue to chall
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EGYPT 95F The government and NGOs s
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EGYPT 97Under the Muslim personal s
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EGYPT 99a husband or father can sti
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EGYPT 101by legislation and other m
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EGYPT 103virtually defenseless to s
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EGYPT 105working at establishments
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EGYPT 107F The most pressing needs
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EGYPT 109mayor in Egypt, presiding
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EGYPT 111sweeping powers to repress
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EGYPT 113urban quarters populated b
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EGYPT 115households are necessarily
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EGYPT 11715The religious breakdown
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EGYPT 11950Egyptian Center for Wome
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•★iranby Nayereh TohidiPOPULATI
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IRAN 123Assembly, or Majlis) to mak
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IRAN 125Under Shari‘a, the lawful
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IRAN 127the last two years alone, 6
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IRAN 129because she has acted as le
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IRAN 131domicile of a married woman
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IRAN 133girls turn seven, but the a
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IRAN 135judiciary, Ali Reza Jamshid
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IRAN 137anger management, domestic
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IRAN 139dominance” to a foreigner
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IRAN 141F To improve female labor-f
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IRAN 143from the events, ending the
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IRAN 145change discriminatory laws,
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IRAN 147F All political parties sho
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IRAN 149chador (an all-encompassing
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IRAN 151The Politics of Women’s R
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IRAN 15328See International Campaig
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IRAN 15567Rebecca Santana, “Women
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★iraqby Huda AhmedPOPULATION: 30,
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IRAQ 159At the same time, due to th
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IRAQ 161instances of honor killings
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IRAQ 163lawmakers, judges, and lawy
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IRAQ 165discriminate against women;
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IRAQ 167large numbers. Non-Muslim m
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IRAQ 169in 2006 that there were som
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IRAQ 171bribed the police officer.
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ECONOMIC RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNI
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IRAQ 175calls for equal pay and ben
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IRAQ 177will study. They may send t
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IRAQ 179not to place their posters
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IRAQ 181only those who had been jud
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IRAQ 183activist was not so lucky.
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IRAQ 185guardians. This is less of
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IRAQ 187protect the family union. T
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IRAQ 1895In 2006, Prime Minister Nu
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IRAQ 19143Amit R. Paley, “For Kur
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194 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE
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★•libyaby Alison PargeterPOPULA
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LIBYA 285An independent women’s r
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LIBYA 287Libya’s judicial system
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LIBYA 289of Discrimination against
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LIBYA 291is also uncomfortable with
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LIBYA 293op portunities are compell
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LIBYA 295father; judges tend to use
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LIBYA 297medicine, and business. Wo
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LIBYA 299Article 95 of the Labor La
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LIBYA 301F The government should en
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LIBYA 303the post for women’s aff
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LIBYA 305of six months in prison. A
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LIBYA 3073Principle 21 of the Great
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LIBYA 30939Human Rights Watch, “E
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★•moroccoby Fatima SadiqiPOPULA
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MOROCCO 313The final text was adopt
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MOROCCO 315Moroccan women married t
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MOROCCO 317progressive legislation
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MOROCCO 319implementation of the ne
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MOROCCO 321involuntary servitude, t
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MOROCCO 323with participation rates
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MOROCCO 325that can be performed at
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MOROCCO 327Morocco is a constitutio
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MOROCCO 329They are also helping ru
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MOROCCO 331child to undergo medical
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MOROCCO 333running water, and schoo
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MOROCCO 33520Mohamed Ennaji, Servin
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★omanby Rafiah al-TaleiPOPULATION
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OMAN 339rights. The Omani Women’s
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OMAN 341exempted from penalty altog
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OMAN 343Men are financially respons
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OMAN 345fines. Several workshops ha
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OMAN 347courts may judicially enfor
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OMAN 349employees and only 17.1 per
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OMAN 351Women occupy only 5.15 perc
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OMAN 353F The government should all
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OMAN 355The poor in Oman are entitl
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OMAN 3575The White Book: The Basic
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palestinePALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ANDI
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PALESTINE 361percent complete, have
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PALESTINE 363Some of the laws draft
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PALESTINE 365the testimony of one m
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PALESTINE 367the principles of gend
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PALESTINE 369guardian, or wali, exe
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PALESTINE 371murder. When a marriag
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PALESTINE 373F The PLC should intro
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PALESTINE 375equal learning opportu
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PALESTINE 377like the Palestinian W
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PALESTINE 379organizations, and esp
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PALESTINE 381Article 27 guarantees
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PALESTINE 383Only 50.2 percent of m
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PALESTINE 385The WCLAC has establis
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PALESTINE 387for Women with the Uni
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PALESTINE 389Life: Occupation and S
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PALESTINE 391Report.aspx?ReportId=7
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PALESTINE 39370World Bank, “Gende
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PALESTINE 395the Gaza Strip Due to
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★qatarby Julia Breslin and Toby J
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QATAR 399organization established i
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QATAR 401assimilated into the new c
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QATAR 403to personal freedom and sa
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QATAR 405F To encourage women’s r
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QATAR 407woman’s freedom of movem
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QATAR 409Violence against women has
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QATAR 411unrelated men, however, wi
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QATAR 413they have the necessary sk
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QATAR 415public affairs, promised l
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QATAR 417While the media environmen
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QATAR 419is permitted in the first
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QATAR 421NOTES1Annual Report on the
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QATAR 42333Sigma Huda, Mission to B
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★saudi arabiaby Eleanor Abdella D
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SAUDI ARABIA 427justice for both me
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SAUDI ARABIA 429Saudi Arabia lacks
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SAUDI ARABIA 431AUTONOMY, SECURITY,
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SAUDI ARABIA 433guardian of the int
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SAUDI ARABIA 435headed by judges wi
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SAUDI ARABIA 437they are often accu
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SAUDI ARABIA 439plan period by incr
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SAUDI ARABIA 441ac cidents happen.
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SAUDI ARABIA 443later removed from
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SAUDI ARABIA 445a few women put the
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SAUDI ARABIA 447F Women should be a
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SAUDI ARABIA 449While women do part
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SAUDI ARABIA 451according to the 19
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SAUDI ARABIA 45333“Consideration
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SAUDI ARABIA 455schools for girls.
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SAUDI ARABIA 457.pdf; “Mortality
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★united arabemiratesby Serra Kird
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 519from emirat
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 521cases invol
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 523(divorce th
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 525remarry, sh
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 527Initiative,
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 529Emirati wom
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 531against dis
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 533F In an eff
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 535positions w
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 537fetus would
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 539home. Rathe
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 54111Country P
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 54348“Women
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METHODOLOGYINTRODUCTIONWomen’s Ri
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METHODOLOGY 579on the strengthening
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONSINTERPRETIVE GUI
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5835. To what e
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5853. To what e
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588 SCORING SYSTEMA rating of 2 cha
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590 ABOUT FREEDOM HOUSEF Action. Th
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